Congenital Diseases and the Environment
This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene [verfasserIn] |
|---|
| Format: |
E-Book |
|---|---|
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
Dordrecht: Springer ; 2007 Berlin Heidelberg: Springer ; 2007 |
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| Schlagwörter: | |
|---|---|
| Schlagwörter: |
Infant, Newborn, Diseases, etiology Endocrine Disruptors, adverse effects |
| Anmerkung: |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
|---|---|
| Umfang: |
Online-Ressource ; v.: digital |
| Reproduktion: |
Online-Ausg. ; Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science |
|---|
| Reihe: |
Environmental Science and Technology Library ; 23 |
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| Links: | |
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| ISBN: |
978-1-4020-4831-9 |
| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 |
|---|
| Katalog-ID: |
546662412 |
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| 505 | 8 | 0 | |a CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology |
| 505 | 8 | 0 | |a 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis |
| 505 | 8 | 0 | |a 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology |
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| 505 | 8 | 0 | |a 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies |
| 505 | 8 | 0 | |a 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies |
| 520 | |a This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. | ||
| 520 | |a In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. | ||
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CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies |
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CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene misc RB155.5 misc 2007 E-707 misc WS 421 ddc 616/.042 ddc 610 bkl 43.13 misc Environmental sciences misc Obstetrics misc Maternal and infant welfare misc Reproductive Medicine misc Environmental Medicine misc Infant, Newborn, Diseases misc Endocrine Disruptors misc Environmental Exposure misc Genetic Diseases, Inborn gnd Angeborene Krankheit gnd Umwelt Congenital Diseases and the Environment |
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| abstract |
This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Includes bibliographical references and index |
| abstractGer |
This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Includes bibliographical references and index |
| abstract_unstemmed |
This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Includes bibliographical references and index |
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9781402048319 978-1-4020-4831-9 10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 doi (DE-627)546662412 (DE-599)GBV546662412 (OCoLC)723918922 (DE-He213)978-1-4020-4831-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng XA-NL XA-DE RB155.5 2007 E-707 WS 421 616/.042 22 610 43.13 bkl Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene verfasserin aut Congenital Diseases and the Environment edited by P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard Dordrecht Springer 2007 [Berlin Heidelberg] Springer 2007 Online-Ressource v.: digital Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Environmental Science and Technology Library 23 Includes bibliographical references and index CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Environmental sciences Obstetrics Maternal and infant welfare Reproductive Medicine Environmental Medicine Infant, Newborn, Diseases etiology Endocrine Disruptors adverse effects Environmental Exposure adverse effects Genetic Diseases, Inborn etiology s (DE-588)4331107-6 (DE-627)133222950 (DE-576)211318280 Angeborene Krankheit gnd s (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-627)106135023 (DE-576)209140615 Umwelt gnd DE-101 Hens, L. oth Howard, C.V. oth 9781402048302 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 Resolving-System Volltext http://d-nb.info/985842288/04 B:DE-101 pdf/application 20141119030501 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-2-EES 2007 GBV_ILN_23 ISIL_DE-830 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_60 ISIL_DE-705 GBV_ILN_65 ISIL_DE-3 GBV_ILN_120 ISIL_DE-715 GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 43.13 Umwelttoxikologie (DE-627)106417037 BO 045F 616/.042 23 01 0830 845428756 00 --%%-- --%%-- s --%%-- olr-springer i z 12-11-07 60 01 0705 4304949225 SpringerLink Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. Nur für Angehörige der HSU: Volltextzugang von außerhalb des Campus mit Anmeldung über Shibboleth mit Ihrer Bibliothekskennung z 07-04-23 65 01 0003 1655655787 03 --%%-- ebook --%%-- --%%-- OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Die Weitergabe an Dritte sowie systematisches Downloaden sind untersagt. k3o 02-01-17 120 01 0715 1840105216 OLR-ESP Campusweiter Zugriff (Universität Oldenburg). - Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden. z 13-01-19 120 02 0715 3578311413 00 --%%-- --%%-- g --%%-- alma z 21-01-20 370 01 4370 1845235878 olr-springer Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 27-01-19 23 01 0830 Springer EBook http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 60 01 0705 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 65 01 0003 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 01 0715 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 02 0715 http://49gbv-uob-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/49GBV_UOB/UOB_services_page?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&rft.mms_id=991014896857503501 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 00 DE-715 99 ww 23 01 0830 2006-06993, 2006-06996, 2006-06999, 2006-07000, 2006-07001, 2006-07003, 2006-07004, 2006-07005 120 01 0715 YH 2020 23 01 0830 olr-springer 60 01 0705 SpringerLink 65 01 0003 OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES 120 01 0715 OLR-ESP 120 02 0715 alma 370 01 4370 olr-springer 23 01 0830 2007.03.30 |
| spelling |
9781402048319 978-1-4020-4831-9 10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 doi (DE-627)546662412 (DE-599)GBV546662412 (OCoLC)723918922 (DE-He213)978-1-4020-4831-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng XA-NL XA-DE RB155.5 2007 E-707 WS 421 616/.042 22 610 43.13 bkl Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene verfasserin aut Congenital Diseases and the Environment edited by P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard Dordrecht Springer 2007 [Berlin Heidelberg] Springer 2007 Online-Ressource v.: digital Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Environmental Science and Technology Library 23 Includes bibliographical references and index CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Environmental sciences Obstetrics Maternal and infant welfare Reproductive Medicine Environmental Medicine Infant, Newborn, Diseases etiology Endocrine Disruptors adverse effects Environmental Exposure adverse effects Genetic Diseases, Inborn etiology s (DE-588)4331107-6 (DE-627)133222950 (DE-576)211318280 Angeborene Krankheit gnd s (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-627)106135023 (DE-576)209140615 Umwelt gnd DE-101 Hens, L. oth Howard, C.V. oth 9781402048302 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 Resolving-System Volltext http://d-nb.info/985842288/04 B:DE-101 pdf/application 20141119030501 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-2-EES 2007 GBV_ILN_23 ISIL_DE-830 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_60 ISIL_DE-705 GBV_ILN_65 ISIL_DE-3 GBV_ILN_120 ISIL_DE-715 GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 43.13 Umwelttoxikologie (DE-627)106417037 BO 045F 616/.042 23 01 0830 845428756 00 --%%-- --%%-- s --%%-- olr-springer i z 12-11-07 60 01 0705 4304949225 SpringerLink Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. Nur für Angehörige der HSU: Volltextzugang von außerhalb des Campus mit Anmeldung über Shibboleth mit Ihrer Bibliothekskennung z 07-04-23 65 01 0003 1655655787 03 --%%-- ebook --%%-- --%%-- OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Die Weitergabe an Dritte sowie systematisches Downloaden sind untersagt. k3o 02-01-17 120 01 0715 1840105216 OLR-ESP Campusweiter Zugriff (Universität Oldenburg). - Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden. z 13-01-19 120 02 0715 3578311413 00 --%%-- --%%-- g --%%-- alma z 21-01-20 370 01 4370 1845235878 olr-springer Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 27-01-19 23 01 0830 Springer EBook http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 60 01 0705 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 65 01 0003 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 01 0715 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 02 0715 http://49gbv-uob-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/49GBV_UOB/UOB_services_page?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&rft.mms_id=991014896857503501 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 00 DE-715 99 ww 23 01 0830 2006-06993, 2006-06996, 2006-06999, 2006-07000, 2006-07001, 2006-07003, 2006-07004, 2006-07005 120 01 0715 YH 2020 23 01 0830 olr-springer 60 01 0705 SpringerLink 65 01 0003 OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES 120 01 0715 OLR-ESP 120 02 0715 alma 370 01 4370 olr-springer 23 01 0830 2007.03.30 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
9781402048319 978-1-4020-4831-9 10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 doi (DE-627)546662412 (DE-599)GBV546662412 (OCoLC)723918922 (DE-He213)978-1-4020-4831-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng XA-NL XA-DE RB155.5 2007 E-707 WS 421 616/.042 22 610 43.13 bkl Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene verfasserin aut Congenital Diseases and the Environment edited by P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard Dordrecht Springer 2007 [Berlin Heidelberg] Springer 2007 Online-Ressource v.: digital Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Environmental Science and Technology Library 23 Includes bibliographical references and index CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Environmental sciences Obstetrics Maternal and infant welfare Reproductive Medicine Environmental Medicine Infant, Newborn, Diseases etiology Endocrine Disruptors adverse effects Environmental Exposure adverse effects Genetic Diseases, Inborn etiology s (DE-588)4331107-6 (DE-627)133222950 (DE-576)211318280 Angeborene Krankheit gnd s (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-627)106135023 (DE-576)209140615 Umwelt gnd DE-101 Hens, L. oth Howard, C.V. oth 9781402048302 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 Resolving-System Volltext http://d-nb.info/985842288/04 B:DE-101 pdf/application 20141119030501 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-2-EES 2007 GBV_ILN_23 ISIL_DE-830 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_60 ISIL_DE-705 GBV_ILN_65 ISIL_DE-3 GBV_ILN_120 ISIL_DE-715 GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 43.13 Umwelttoxikologie (DE-627)106417037 BO 045F 616/.042 23 01 0830 845428756 00 --%%-- --%%-- s --%%-- olr-springer i z 12-11-07 60 01 0705 4304949225 SpringerLink Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. Nur für Angehörige der HSU: Volltextzugang von außerhalb des Campus mit Anmeldung über Shibboleth mit Ihrer Bibliothekskennung z 07-04-23 65 01 0003 1655655787 03 --%%-- ebook --%%-- --%%-- OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Die Weitergabe an Dritte sowie systematisches Downloaden sind untersagt. k3o 02-01-17 120 01 0715 1840105216 OLR-ESP Campusweiter Zugriff (Universität Oldenburg). - Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden. z 13-01-19 120 02 0715 3578311413 00 --%%-- --%%-- g --%%-- alma z 21-01-20 370 01 4370 1845235878 olr-springer Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 27-01-19 23 01 0830 Springer EBook http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 60 01 0705 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 65 01 0003 Volltextzugang Campus http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 01 0715 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 02 0715 http://49gbv-uob-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/49GBV_UOB/UOB_services_page?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&rft.mms_id=991014896857503501 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 120 00 DE-715 99 ww 23 01 0830 2006-06993, 2006-06996, 2006-06999, 2006-07000, 2006-07001, 2006-07003, 2006-07004, 2006-07005 120 01 0715 YH 2020 23 01 0830 olr-springer 60 01 0705 SpringerLink 65 01 0003 OLR-SEB-ZDB-2-EES 120 01 0715 OLR-ESP 120 02 0715 alma 370 01 4370 olr-springer 23 01 0830 2007.03.30 |
| allfieldsGer |
9781402048319 978-1-4020-4831-9 10.1007/1-4020-4831-9 doi (DE-627)546662412 (DE-599)GBV546662412 (OCoLC)723918922 (DE-He213)978-1-4020-4831-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng XA-NL XA-DE RB155.5 2007 E-707 WS 421 616/.042 22 610 43.13 bkl Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Polyxene verfasserin aut Congenital Diseases and the Environment edited by P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard Dordrecht Springer 2007 [Berlin Heidelberg] Springer 2007 Online-Ressource v.: digital Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Environmental Science and Technology Library 23 Includes bibliographical references and index CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment. Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. 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Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology 4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis 5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology 2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming 2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies 2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. 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Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Dordrecht</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">[Berlin</subfield><subfield code="a">Heidelberg]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">v.: digital</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Environmental Science and Technology Library</subfield><subfield code="v">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. These diseases were previously thought to be mostly due to genetic causes. Even though the importance of genes as factors in causation is accepted, environmental factors seem to be implicated just as strongly. This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. Amongst the topics discussed are: -effects of prenatal exposure to toxic chemicals -intra-uterine exposure to drugs -effects of endocrine disrupters -environmental risk and sex ratio in newborns -surveillance of environmental impact -research and policy Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="530" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="533" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ausg.</subfield><subfield code="f">Springer eBook Collection. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREF ACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxv LIST OF FIGURES xxxi LIST OF TABLES xxxiii LIST OFBOXES xxxvii INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT P. NICOLOPOULOU-STAMATI le n e y Summary … Introduction … The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causation of congenital anornalies … Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment … EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact … Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies … Evidence from wildlife … Epidemiology … Clinical terato1ogy … Chemieals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies … Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins … Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomide effect. … Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations … Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effects on human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health? … Phthalates … Environmental congenital anomalies … Testicular dysgenesis syndrome … Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis v … vi TABLE OF CONTENTS … Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism … Policy aspects … Raising awareness of information society on impact ofEU policies and deployment aspects … The concerns ofNGO's related to congenital diseases … Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - information for the non-expert professional., … Conclusions References … METHODS ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES A. MANTOVANI AND F. MARANGHI S ummary … Introduction … An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology … Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414) … Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416) … In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity … Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants. The example of endocrine disrupters … Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology Acknowledgements References CONGENITAL DEFECTS ORADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION G.LYONS S urnmary … Introduction: The anima1- human connection and epigenetic reprogramming … Summary ofpollutant-related defects reported in wildlife … Fish … Deformities of sex-linked structures in fish … POOl' reproductive success / reduced hatching in fish … Thyroid disruption in fish … TABLE OF CONTENTS … Birds … Immunosuppression in fish Altered osmoregulation in migrating fish Abnormal VTG production in male birds Defonnities of the reproductive tract, and ovo-testes in birds Embryonie mortality and reduced reproductive success in birds … Altered thyroid function in birds … Immunosuppression in birds … Eggshell thinning in birds … Deformities ofthe bill and bone in birds … Reptiles … Effects in alligators … Effects on turtles … Amphibians … Marnmals … Feral rodents … Otters … Mink … Seals and sea lions: Reproductive problems, immunosuppression, adrenal and other effects in seals '" … Whales and other cetaceans … Polar bears … Blackand brown bears … Florida panther. … Sitka black tail deer … White tailed deer … Mule deer … Eland … Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife … Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex Thyroid disruption Immunotoxicity Congenital defects ofjaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth vii … Conclusions … References … EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS A. ROSANO AND E. ROBERT-GNANSIA Summary … lntroduction … Sources of data, co ding and classification … TAHLE OF CONTENTS viii … Source of data for congenital anomalies Coding and classification of congenital anomalies Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies Source of data, coding and assessment of environmental exposures … Study designs … Cohort or follow-up study … Case-control studies … Ecological designs … Exploratory studies … Multiple-group comparison study … Space-time cluster study … Case reports … Genetic epidemiology … Study designs in genetic epidemiology … Problems in environmental epidemiology when studying its effects on reproduction … Living status of cases Genetic susceptibility Rare diseases, low-level exposures, and small effects Identifying, quantifying, and timing exposures Sources of errors … Conclusions … References … EUROCAT: SURVEILLANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT H.DOLK Summary … EUROCAT: What and why? … The prevalence of congenital anomalies … Environmental causes of congenital anomalies … EUROCAT surveillance of environmental impact … Approaches to surveillance … Assessment oftrends in congenital anomaly prevalence … Routine detection of and response to clusters without a well defined apriori exposure hypothesis … Systematic evaluation ofenvironmental exposures … Envirovigilance References … ~1l1IiDil; … 'JIl:Vrs … oo … ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CLINICAL TERATOLOGY M. CLEMENTI AND E. DI OIANANTONIO Summary … Introduction … Teratogens … Basic principles of clinical teratology Animal studies Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy Methods to identify human teratogens Classification of drugs used in pregnancy Criteria for proof ofhuman teratogenicity Teratogen Information Services (TIS) in Europe … Conclusions … References … TERATOGENS DIOXINS AND CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS … KOPPE, M. LEUS, G. TEN TUSSCHER AND P.D. BOER Summary … I. Introduction … Acute dioxin poisoning … Animal studies … Acute dioxin toxicity in man … Yushchenko … Two secretaries … Hormones … Thrombocytopenia … Hotspots of dioxin pollution … Amsterdam Diemerzeedijk 1961-1973 … Yusho-disaster 1968 … Yucheng-disaster 1978 … Seveso-disaster 1976 … Vietnam: Agent Orange spraying 1962-1971 Bashkortostan: 1965-1985 … Chapaevsk 1967-1987 … Prematurity … Intra-uterine growth retardation … Congenital morphogenetic conditions … A. Congenital malformations … Congenital hydrocephaly without spina bifida … x TABLE OF CONTENTS … Increasing type … diabetes … The role of vitamin A … Conclusion … References … LINKS BETWEEN IN UTERO EXPOSURE TOPESTICIDES AND EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN PROGENY. DOES EUROPEAN PESTICIDE POLICY PROTECT HEALTH? C. WATTIEZ Summary … Introduction … Congenital disorders … Congenital malformations … Several birth defects … Central nervous system defects … Cardiovascular defects … Orofacial clefts … Urogenital defects … Limb defects … Other congenital disorders … Intrauterine growth retardation … Neurodevelopmental impainnents … Does European pesticide policy protect our health? … The plant protection product authorisation directive … Regulatory testing shortcomings … No eonsideration for combined effects … Toxie properties of the formulated produets are not properly evaluated … No systematic review of the scientific literature is required … No exclusion criteria are defined for active substances, based on intrinsic properties … Exposure evaluation deficits … The substitution principle and comparative assessment are not eonsidered … The thematic strategy on the sustainable use ofpesticides … Conclusions References … xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ASSOCIATION OF INTRA-UTERINE EXPOSURE TO DRUGS WITH CONGENITAL DEFECTS: THE THALIDOMIDE EFFECT M. CLEMENTI, K. LUGWIG AND A. ANDRISANI Summary … Introduction … Pharmacokinetics … Mechanism of action … Thalidomide side-effects … "New" indications … Leprosy Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Beucet disease Dermatological and auto immune disorders Cancer complications … STEPS programme (System for thalidomide education and prescribing safety) … Lessons for environmental teratology … Conclusions … References … CONGENITAL DISEASES ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER EXPOSURE AND MALE CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS M.F. FERNANDEZ AND N. OLEA Summary … Introduction … Review ofthe epidemiological evidence … The case of Southem Spain … Difficulties in exposure assessment: Implications for future research … Acknowledgemcnts … References … TESTICULAR DYSGENESIS SYNDROME AS A CONGENITAL DISEASE H.E. VIRTANEN AND … TOPPARI SUn11TIary … Introduction … xii TABLE OF CONTENTS … Semen quality and testicular cancer … Birth rates of cryptorchidism and hypospadias … Discussion Acknowledgernents '" References … ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS, STEROIDOGENESIS AND INFLAMMATION K. SVECHNIKOV, V. SUPORNSILCHAI, I. SVECHNIKOVA, M. STRAND, C. ZETTERSTRÖM, A. WAHLGREN, O. SÖDER S ummary … Introduction … The role of androgens in male fetal differentiation … Functions ofthe fetal Leydig cell … Impact of endocrine disrupters on male reproductive health … Effects of environmental anti-androgens on the reproductive development and hormonal functions of Leydig cells … Procyrnidone … Linuron … Vinclozolin … p.p DDT and its derivatives … Effects ofphthalates on Leydig cell function and reproductive development … Effects of dioxin on androgen production by Leydig cells and on reproductive health … Effects of endocrine disrupters on adrenal function … Effects of endocrine disrupters on the hormonal functions of ovarian cells … Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and androgen production I … Conclusions Acknowledgements References … ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON CONGENITAL DISEASES: THE CASE OF CRYPTORCHIDISM. WHERE ARE WE NOW, AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? P.F. THONNEAU, E. HUYGHE AND R. MIEUSSET Summary … Background … Has the incidence of cryptorchidism increased? … Increasing evidence of a link between variousmale reproductive health issues … TABLE OF CONTENTS … Toxic effect of anti-androgenie compounds on male reproductive health … The evidence-based central role of Sertoli cells and androgen production in testis and male reproductive tract development … A potential role ofInsulin-like growth factor (Ins13) … A non-exhaustive list of environmental chemieals with anti-androgenie effects … Limited data on environmental impact of cryptorchidism in humans xiii … Epidemiological studies (occupational and environmental conditions) … Bioaccumulation of chemical compounds … Where do we go from here, and how can we answer the question? … References … ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND SEX RATIO IN NEWBORNS M. PETERKA, Z. LIKOVSKY AND R. PETERKOVA Summary … Introduction … Basic manifestations of developmental damage … Lethality - prenatalloss … Major malformations … Prenatal extinction of major malformations … Minor malfonnations usually manifest as functional defects … Intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight … Dose response in teratology … Substances with teratogenic and lethal effects … Substances with a predominantly lethal effect … Substances with neither a teratogenic nor alethal effect … Residual teratogenesis and the epidemiology of malformations … Sex ratio … Sex determination … Newborn sex ratio … Newborn sex ratio and the vulnerability of male embryos/fetuses … Chernobyl … Radioactive clouds and whole body radioactivity … Newborn sex ratio - November 1986 … Critical period for radiation … Hypothesis about the reasons for the selective abortion of male fetuses after the Chernobyl disaster. … Conclusion … References … TABLE OF CONTENTS xiv SECTION … COUNTRY REPORTS CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN GREECE: FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL DATA 1981-1995 E. BRILAKIS, E. FOUSTERIS AND J. PAPADOPULOS Summary … lntroduction … Method … Results … Discussion … Specific mortality and infant mortality ratios … Variations ofthe ratios within Greece … Hospitalisation due to birth defects within Greece … Deaths/hospitalisation ratio due to births defects in Greece … Conclusions … References … CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN BULGARIA E. TERLEMESIAN AND S. STOYANOV Summary … Introduction … Congenital diseases in Bulgaria: The Sofia register database … Mortality rates … Discussion … Conclusions … References … CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN THE BRITISH ISLES J. RANKIN Summary … Introduction … Recording of congenital anomalies in the British Isles … The national congenital anomaly system … Regional congenital anomaly registers … Disease-specific registers … The British Isles network of congenital anomaly registers … Variations in the prevalence of congenital anomalies in the British Isles … Secu~ar trends in congenital anomaly prevalence … Regional variations in congenital anomaly prevalence … !llJiIIIIII!II~ … xv TABLE OF CONTENTS … Use of data from congenital anomaly registers in environment and health research in the British Is les … Cluster investigations … Geographical variation in congenital anomaly rates … Conclusion … Acknowledgements … References … EUROPEAN UNION-FUNDED RESEARCH ON ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND UNDERLYING POLICY T. KARJALAINEN Summary … Introduction … Path to adoption of community strategy for endocrine disrupters … Community strategy for endocrine disrupters … Short-term strategy … Medium-term strategy … Leng-term strategy … European Commission-sponsored research on endocrine disrupters Research activities in the fourth research framework programme (1994-1998) … Research activities in the fifth framework programme of research (FP5: 1998-2002) … Key-action … environment and health … Projects funded by the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD) thematic programme … Research activities in the sixth framework programme of research (FP6: 2002-2006) … Outcome of first, second, and third calls for proposals … Research activities in the seventh framework programme ofresearch (FP7: 2006-2013) … Conclusion … References … CONCLUSIONS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON CONGENITAL ANOMALIESINFORMATION FOR THE NON-EXPERT PROFESSIONAL L. HENS SUlTIlTIary … xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS … Introduction … Problem identification … Methodological approaches … Clinical evidence … Epidemiological evidence … Evidence from experimental developmental toxicology … Evidence from wildlife studies … Mechanisms causing congenital anomalies … Implications for stakeholders … Advising in the public health sector. … Lawyers and legal advisers … Policy makers and advisors … Scientists and media … Discussion and conclusions … References … LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS … LIST OF UNITS … |
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Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C.V. Howard</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Dordrecht</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">[Berlin</subfield><subfield code="a">Heidelberg]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">v.: digital</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Environmental Science and Technology Library</subfield><subfield code="v">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">CONTENTS; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS; LIST OF FIGURES; LIST OF TABLES; LIST OF BOXES; INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONGENITAL DISEASES WITH THE ENVIRONMENT; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. The changing concepts of environmental influences in the causationof congenital anomalies; 3. Methods to study congenital anomalies and their links to the environment; 3.1. EUROCAT: Surveillance of environmental impact; 3.2. Endpoints for prenatal exposures in toxicological studies; 3.3. Evidence from wildlife; 3.4. Epidemiology; 3.5. Clinical teratology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">4. Chemicals and exposure conditions associated with congenital anomalies4.1. Congenital diseases related to environmental exposure to dioxins; 4.2. Association of intra-uterine exposure with drugs: the thalidomideeffect; 4.3. Endocrine disrupter exposure and male congenital malformations; 4.4. Links between in utero exposure to pesticides and their effectson human progeny. Does European pesticide policy protect health?; 4.5. Phthalates; 5. Environmental congenital anomalies; 5.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; 5.2. Endocrine disrupters, inflammation and steroidogenesis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">5.3. Environmental impact on congenital diseases: the case of cryptorchidism6. Policy aspects; 6.1. Raising awareness of information society on impact of EU policiesand deployment aspects; 6.2. The concerns of NGO's related to congenital diseases; 6.3. Environmental impacts on congenital anomalies - informationfor the non-expert professional; 7. Conclusions; References; SECTION 1: METHODS; ENDPOINTS FOR PRENATAL EXPOSURES IN TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. An overview of regulatory tests in developmental toxicology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2.1. Prenatal development toxicity study (OECD guideline 414)2.2. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study (OECD 416); 2.3. In vitro alternative tests for developmental toxicity; 2.4. Developmental toxicity testing of environmental contaminants.The example of endocrine disrupters; 3. Recommendations for further research in developmental toxicology; Acknowledgements; References; CONGENITAL DEFECTS OR ADVERSE DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATE WILDLIFE: THE WILDLIFE-HUMAN CONNECTION; Summary; 1. Introduction: The animal - human connection and epigeneticreprogramming</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2. Summary of pollutant-related defects reported in wildlife2.1. Fish; 2.2. Birds; 2.3. Reptiles; 2.4. Amphibians; 2.5. Mammals; 3. Summary of some effects found in both humans and wildlife; 3.1. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome / Intersex; 3.2. Thyroid disruption; 3.3. Immunotoxicity; 3.4. Congenital defects of jaw, beak, claw, nails or teeth; 4. Conclusions; References; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS; Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of data, coding and classification; 2.1. Source of data for congenital anomalies; 2.2. Coding and classification of congenital anomalies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">2.3. Accuracy of diagnosis and ascertainment of congenital anomalies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This book explores some further concepts that have arisen from more recent perceptions of environmental effects and their possible interactions with living systems. The book is written by international experts and numerous case studies are given. Discussion and presentation of old and novel ideas is targeted at developing a more holistic and united perception of the interaction between congenital diseases and the environment.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In recent years, increasing attention and resources have been brought to bear on the relationship between the environment and congenital diseases. 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