Applied Underwater Acoustics
Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Bjørnø, Leif - 1937-2015 [verfasserIn] Neighbors, Thomas H. [herausgeberIn] Bradley, David [herausgeberIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Book |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge: Elsevier ; 2017 ©2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Systematik: |
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| Umfang: |
1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) |
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| Links: | |
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| ISBN: |
978-0-12-811247-2 |
| Katalog-ID: |
878722394 |
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| 520 | |a Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) | ||
| 520 | |a 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks | ||
| 520 | |a 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices | ||
| 520 | |a 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA | ||
| 520 | |a 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM | ||
| 520 | |a 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Waves | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ambient sounds | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Underwater acoustics | |
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9780128112472 : electronic bk. 978-0-12-811247-2 9780128112403 (DE-627)878722394 (DE-576)9878722392 (DE-599)GBV878722394 (EBC)EBC4790278 (EBR)ebr11332805 (RPAM)MIL989157 (EBL)EBL4790278 (EBP)035509813 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 620.25 UF 6900 rvk (DE-625)rvk/145605: Bjørnø, Leif 1937-2015 verfasserin (DE-588)1063226732 (DE-627)810737434 (DE-576)421178221 aut Applied Underwater Acoustics Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge Elsevier [2017] ©2017 1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM Waves Ambient sounds Underwater acoustics Electronic books Neighbors, Thomas H. herausgeberin (DE-588)1150802898 (DE-627)1011050560 (DE-576)497262851 edt Bradley, David herausgeberin edt 9780128112403 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Neighbors, Thomas Applied Underwater Acoustics : Leif Bjørnø Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,c2016 9780128112403 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4790278 X:EBC Aggregator lizenzpflichtig Volltext http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780128112403.pdf V:DE-601 X:Bowker application/pdf 2018-01-26 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-30-PAD ZDB-30-PQE GBV_ILN_206 ISIL_DE-Brg3 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 UF 6900 Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik Physik Mechanik, Kontinuumsmechanik, Strömungsmechanik, Schwingungslehre Akustik Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik (DE-627)1271578727 (DE-625)rvk/145605: (DE-576)201578727 BO 045F 620.25 206 01 3350 3877439209 00 --%%-- Online-Ressource g --%%-- OLR-EBL If you are a ThHF affiliate and the E-Book is not fully accessible, please send us a purchase or short time loan request. 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9780128112472 : electronic bk. 978-0-12-811247-2 9780128112403 (DE-627)878722394 (DE-576)9878722392 (DE-599)GBV878722394 (EBC)EBC4790278 (EBR)ebr11332805 (RPAM)MIL989157 (EBL)EBL4790278 (EBP)035509813 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 620.25 UF 6900 rvk (DE-625)rvk/145605: Bjørnø, Leif 1937-2015 verfasserin (DE-588)1063226732 (DE-627)810737434 (DE-576)421178221 aut Applied Underwater Acoustics Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge Elsevier [2017] ©2017 1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM Waves Ambient sounds Underwater acoustics Electronic books Neighbors, Thomas H. herausgeberin (DE-588)1150802898 (DE-627)1011050560 (DE-576)497262851 edt Bradley, David herausgeberin edt 9780128112403 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Neighbors, Thomas Applied Underwater Acoustics : Leif Bjørnø Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,c2016 9780128112403 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4790278 X:EBC Aggregator lizenzpflichtig Volltext http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780128112403.pdf V:DE-601 X:Bowker application/pdf 2018-01-26 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-30-PAD ZDB-30-PQE GBV_ILN_206 ISIL_DE-Brg3 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 UF 6900 Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik Physik Mechanik, Kontinuumsmechanik, Strömungsmechanik, Schwingungslehre Akustik Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik (DE-627)1271578727 (DE-625)rvk/145605: (DE-576)201578727 BO 045F 620.25 206 01 3350 3877439209 00 --%%-- Online-Ressource g --%%-- OLR-EBL If you are a ThHF affiliate and the E-Book is not fully accessible, please send us a purchase or short time loan request. All others: Inter-library loans and guest access on campus premises is not possible. zh 26-02-21 370 01 4370 3639864042 olr-ebook ebc Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 29-04-20 206 01 3350 Full Text only for ThHf affiliates https://thh-friedensau.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/thhfriedensau/detail.action?docID=4790278 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hcuhamburg-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4790278 206 01 3350 OLR-EBL 370 01 4370 olr-ebook ebc 370 01 4370 ACQ 370 01 4370 2020.04.29 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
9780128112472 : electronic bk. 978-0-12-811247-2 9780128112403 (DE-627)878722394 (DE-576)9878722392 (DE-599)GBV878722394 (EBC)EBC4790278 (EBR)ebr11332805 (RPAM)MIL989157 (EBL)EBL4790278 (EBP)035509813 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 620.25 UF 6900 rvk (DE-625)rvk/145605: Bjørnø, Leif 1937-2015 verfasserin (DE-588)1063226732 (DE-627)810737434 (DE-576)421178221 aut Applied Underwater Acoustics Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge Elsevier [2017] ©2017 1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM Waves Ambient sounds Underwater acoustics Electronic books Neighbors, Thomas H. herausgeberin (DE-588)1150802898 (DE-627)1011050560 (DE-576)497262851 edt Bradley, David herausgeberin edt 9780128112403 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Neighbors, Thomas Applied Underwater Acoustics : Leif Bjørnø Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,c2016 9780128112403 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4790278 X:EBC Aggregator lizenzpflichtig Volltext http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780128112403.pdf V:DE-601 X:Bowker application/pdf 2018-01-26 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-30-PAD ZDB-30-PQE GBV_ILN_206 ISIL_DE-Brg3 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 UF 6900 Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik Physik Mechanik, Kontinuumsmechanik, Strömungsmechanik, Schwingungslehre Akustik Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik (DE-627)1271578727 (DE-625)rvk/145605: (DE-576)201578727 BO 045F 620.25 206 01 3350 3877439209 00 --%%-- Online-Ressource g --%%-- OLR-EBL If you are a ThHF affiliate and the E-Book is not fully accessible, please send us a purchase or short time loan request. All others: Inter-library loans and guest access on campus premises is not possible. zh 26-02-21 370 01 4370 3639864042 olr-ebook ebc Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 29-04-20 206 01 3350 Full Text only for ThHf affiliates https://thh-friedensau.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/thhfriedensau/detail.action?docID=4790278 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hcuhamburg-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4790278 206 01 3350 OLR-EBL 370 01 4370 olr-ebook ebc 370 01 4370 ACQ 370 01 4370 2020.04.29 |
| allfieldsGer |
9780128112472 : electronic bk. 978-0-12-811247-2 9780128112403 (DE-627)878722394 (DE-576)9878722392 (DE-599)GBV878722394 (EBC)EBC4790278 (EBR)ebr11332805 (RPAM)MIL989157 (EBL)EBL4790278 (EBP)035509813 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 620.25 UF 6900 rvk (DE-625)rvk/145605: Bjørnø, Leif 1937-2015 verfasserin (DE-588)1063226732 (DE-627)810737434 (DE-576)421178221 aut Applied Underwater Acoustics Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge Elsevier [2017] ©2017 1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM Waves Ambient sounds Underwater acoustics Electronic books Neighbors, Thomas H. herausgeberin (DE-588)1150802898 (DE-627)1011050560 (DE-576)497262851 edt Bradley, David herausgeberin edt 9780128112403 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Neighbors, Thomas Applied Underwater Acoustics : Leif Bjørnø Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,c2016 9780128112403 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4790278 X:EBC Aggregator lizenzpflichtig Volltext http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780128112403.pdf V:DE-601 X:Bowker application/pdf 2018-01-26 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-30-PAD ZDB-30-PQE GBV_ILN_206 ISIL_DE-Brg3 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 UF 6900 Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik Physik Mechanik, Kontinuumsmechanik, Strömungsmechanik, Schwingungslehre Akustik Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik (DE-627)1271578727 (DE-625)rvk/145605: (DE-576)201578727 BO 045F 620.25 206 01 3350 3877439209 00 --%%-- Online-Ressource g --%%-- OLR-EBL If you are a ThHF affiliate and the E-Book is not fully accessible, please send us a purchase or short time loan request. All others: Inter-library loans and guest access on campus premises is not possible. zh 26-02-21 370 01 4370 3639864042 olr-ebook ebc Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots. i z 29-04-20 206 01 3350 Full Text only for ThHf affiliates https://thh-friedensau.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/thhfriedensau/detail.action?docID=4790278 370 01 4370 E-Book: Zugriff im HCU-Netz. Zugriff von außerhalb nur für HCU-Angehörige möglich https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hcuhamburg-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4790278 206 01 3350 OLR-EBL 370 01 4370 olr-ebook ebc 370 01 4370 ACQ 370 01 4370 2020.04.29 |
| allfieldsSound |
9780128112472 : electronic bk. 978-0-12-811247-2 9780128112403 (DE-627)878722394 (DE-576)9878722392 (DE-599)GBV878722394 (EBC)EBC4790278 (EBR)ebr11332805 (RPAM)MIL989157 (EBL)EBL4790278 (EBP)035509813 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 620.25 UF 6900 rvk (DE-625)rvk/145605: Bjørnø, Leif 1937-2015 verfasserin (DE-588)1063226732 (DE-627)810737434 (DE-576)421178221 aut Applied Underwater Acoustics Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley Amsterdam Oxford Cambridge Elsevier [2017] ©2017 1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten) Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM Waves Ambient sounds Underwater acoustics Electronic books Neighbors, Thomas H. herausgeberin (DE-588)1150802898 (DE-627)1011050560 (DE-576)497262851 edt Bradley, David herausgeberin edt 9780128112403 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Neighbors, Thomas Applied Underwater Acoustics : Leif Bjørnø Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,c2016 9780128112403 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4790278 X:EBC Aggregator lizenzpflichtig Volltext http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780128112403.pdf V:DE-601 X:Bowker application/pdf 2018-01-26 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ZDB-30-PAD ZDB-30-PQE GBV_ILN_206 ISIL_DE-Brg3 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_370 ISIL_DE-1373 UF 6900 Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik Physik Mechanik, Kontinuumsmechanik, Strömungsmechanik, Schwingungslehre Akustik Angewandte und technische Akustik, Schalltechnik (DE-627)1271578727 (DE-625)rvk/145605: (DE-576)201578727 BO 045F 620.25 206 01 3350 3877439209 00 --%%-- Online-Ressource g --%%-- OLR-EBL If you are a ThHF affiliate and the E-Book is not fully accessible, please send us a purchase or short time loan request. 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Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM |
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Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM |
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Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION) 2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks 3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices 3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA 6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM 7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM |
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Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 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List of Contributors p. xiii Preface p. xv General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment … Introduction … A Brief Exposition of the History of Underwater Acoustics … International Standard Units … The Decibel Scales … Features of Oceanography … Sonar Equations … Abbreviations … Acknowledgment … References … Sound Propagation … The Concept of Waves … Sound Propagation in a Viscous Fluid … Sound Waves and Shear Waves in Marine Sediments … Source or Receiver in Motion … Sound Reflection and Transmission at a Fluid-Fluid Boundary … The "Ideal" Waveguide … The Pekeris Channel … Three-Dimensional Propagation … Acknowledgment … References … Sound Propagation Modeling … Ray Models … Wave Number Integration or Spectral Methods … Normal Mode Propagation Models … Parabolic Equation Methods … Finite-Difference and Finite-Element Methods … -D Sound Propagation Models … List of Abbreviations and Symbols … Acknowledgments … References … Absorption of Sound in Seawater … Physics and Phenomena … Experimental Data … Sound Absorption Mechanisms … Formulas and Expressions … Symbols and Abbreviations … References … Scattering of Sound … Physics and Phenomena … Scattering From Point-Like Objects … Scattering From Extended, Nearly Plane, Rough Surfaces … Theoretical Basis for Scattering Calculations … Scattering From Curved, Rough Surfaces … Reverberation … Symbols and Abbreviations … References … Ambient Noise … Physics and Phenomena … Sources of Ambient Noise … Spectra of Ambient Noise … Directivity of Ambient Noise … Coherence of Ambient Noise … Self-Noise … Amplitude Distributions for Underwater Noise … Symbols and Abbreviations … References … Shallow-Water Acoustics … What Is Shallow-Water Acoustics? … Physics and Phenomena … Some Additional Topics of Interest in Shallow-Water Acoustics … Some Newer Topics … List of Acronyms … List of Symbols in Equations … References … The Seafloor … Background and History … The Origin and Nature of Seafloor Sediments … Acoustics of Sediments … Model for Sound Scattering by the Seafloor … Sediment Physical Properties … Sediment Geoacoustic Properties … Seafloor Roughness … Seafloor Heterogeneity … Seafloor Identification and Characterization by Use of Sonar … List of Symbols … References … Inverse Methods in Underwater Acoustics … Introduction … Some Basic Mathematical Relationships … Source Localization by Matched Field Processing … Geoacoustic Inversion … Ocean Acoustic Tomography … References … Sonar Systems … Sonar System Applications … Sonar System Types … Single-Beam Echo Sounders … Multibeam Echo Sounders … Side-Scan Sonar … Synthetic Aperture Sonar … Other Sonar Types … Transducer Calibration … Sonar System Example Calculations … Sonar Design Calculations … Symbols and Abbreviations … References … Signal Processing … Background and Definitions … Characterizing the Signal and Noise … Filtering … Detection … Estimation … References … Bio- and Fishery Acoustics … Introduction … Marine Life: From Whales to Plankton … Acoustic Scattering by Marine Life … Active Imaging Systems … Marine Life and Sound … Passive Acoustic Monitoring … Selected Practical Applications … Conclusions: Future Developments … References … Finite-Amplitude Waves … Physics and Nonlinear Phenomena … Nonlinear Underwater Acoustics … Underwater Explosions … List of Symbols and Abbreviations … References … Underwater Acoustic Measurements and Their Applications … Introduction … Acoustics and Marine Renewable Energy Developments … Underwater Acoustics in Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Monitoring … Characterization of Noise From Ships … Underwater Soundscapes … Underwater Acoustic Communications … Underwater Archaeology … Applications of Underwater Acoustics in Polar Environments … Tank Experiments … Acoustic Positioning at Sea … Ocean Observing Systems and Ocean Observatories, Oceanographers, and Acousticians-A Personal Perspective … Applications of Underwater Acoustics to Military Purposes … References … Index … |
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code="0">(DE-625)rvk/145605:</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bjørnø, Leif</subfield><subfield code="d">1937-2015</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1063226732</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-627)810737434</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-576)421178221</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Applied Underwater Acoustics</subfield><subfield code="c">Leif Bjørnø : edited by Thomas Neighbors, David Bradley</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Amsterdam</subfield><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="a">Cambridge</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier</subfield><subfield code="c">[2017]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">©2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (982 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Front Cover -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Applied Underwater Acoustics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - General Characteristics of the Underwater Environment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 A BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE HISTORY OF UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS -- 1.2.1 UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS BEFORE 1912 -- 1.2.2 THE YEARS 1912 THROUGH 1918 -- 1.2.3 THE YEARS 1919 THROUGH 1939 -- 1.2.4 THE YEARS 1940 THROUGH 1946 -- 1.2.5 THE YEARS AFTER 1946 -- 1.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNITS -- 1.4 THE DECIBEL SCALES -- 1.5 FEATURES OF OCEANOGRAPHY -- 1.5.1 SOUND SPEED PROFILES -- 1.5.2 THERMOCLINES -- 1.5.3 ARCTIC REGIONS -- 1.5.4 DEEP ISOTHERMAL LAYERS -- 1.5.5 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SPEED OF SOUND -- 1.5.6 SURFACE WAVES -- 1.5.7 INTERNAL WAVES -- 1.5.8 BUBBLES FROM WAVE BREAKING -- 1.5.9 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION -- 1.5.10 DEEP-OCEAN HYDROTHERMAL FLOWS -- 1.5.11 EDDIES, FRONTS, AND LARGE-SCALE TURBULENCE -- 1.5.12 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES -- 1.6 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.6.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SONAR EQUATION TERMS -- 1.6.2 SONAR EQUATIONS -- 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Sound Propagation -- 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF WAVES -- 2.1.1 THE WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INVISCID FLUID -- 2.1.2 THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 2.1.3 HARMONIC WAVES -- 2.1.4 PLANE WAVES -- 2.1.5 CYLINDRICAL WAVES -- 2.1.6 SPHERICAL WAVES -- 2.1.7 PLANE WAVE DECOMPOSITION OF A SPHERICAL WAVE -- 2.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.2.1 DISPERSION FORMULAS -- 2.2.2 KRAMERS-KRONIG DISPERSION RELATIONS -- 2.2.3 CAUSALITY AND STOKES' EQUATION -- 2.2.4 PULSE PROPAGATION IN A VISCOUS FLUID -- 2.3 SOUND WAVES AND SHEAR WAVES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS -- 2.3.1 THE BIOT THEORY -- 2.3.2 THE GRAIN-SHEARING THEORY -- 2.4 SOURCE OR RECEIVER IN MOTION -- 2.4.1 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (SOURCE STATIONARY, OBSERVER IN MOTION)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2.4.2 DOPPLER FREQUENCY SHIFTS (OBSERVER STATIONARY, SOURCE IN MOTION) -- 2.4.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD FROM A MOVING SOURCE -- 2.5 SOUND REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A FLUID-FLUID BOUNDARY -- 2.5.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SOLUTION -- 2.5.2 THE STATIONARY PHASE APPROXIMATION -- 2.5.3 PLANE-WAVE REFLECTION -- 2.5.4 WESTON'S EFFECTIVE DEPTH -- 2.5.5 PLANE-WAVE REFRACTION -- 2.5.6 THE LATERAL WAVE -- 2.6 THE "IDEAL" WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.1 PLANE WAVES AND NORMAL MODES -- 2.6.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN THE IDEAL WAVEGUIDE -- 2.6.3 INTERMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.7 THE PEKERIS CHANNEL -- 2.7.1 THE INTEGRAL-TRANSFORM SOLUTION FOR THE FIELD -- 2.7.2 THE NORMAL MODE SOLUTION -- 2.7.3 THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION -- 2.8 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION -- 2.8.1 HORIZONTAL REFRACTION -- 2.8.2 THE "IDEAL" WEDGE -- 2.8.3 THE SHADOW EDGE -- 2.8.4 INTRAMODAL INTERFERENCE -- 2.8.5 THE PENETRABLE WEDGE -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Sound Propagation Modeling -- 3.1 RAY MODELS -- 3.1.1 A PARTICULAR TYPE OF ANALYTIC 2-D RAY TRACING -- 3.1.1.1 Kinematic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.2 Dynamic Ray Tracing -- 3.1.1.3 Caustics -- 3.1.1.4 Coherent Computation of Propagation Loss and Propagation Time Series -- 3.1.2 EXAMPLE -- 3.2 WAVE NUMBER INTEGRATION OR SPECTRAL METHODS -- 3.2.1 SOLUTION OF THE DEPTH-DEPENDENT ODE SYSTEMS -- 3.2.1.1 Recursive Computation of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices for the Solid Bottom -- 3.2.1.2 Propagator Matrices for the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.3 Alternative Treatment of the Fluid Region -- 3.2.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.2.2 ADAPTIVE INTEGRATION -- 3.2.3 EXAMPLE -- 3.3 NORMAL MODE PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.3.1 MODAL WAVE NUMBERS -- 3.3.2 MODE FUNCTIONS -- 3.3.3 EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS -- 3.3.4 RANGE-DEPENDENT MEDIA -- 3.3.4.1 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.3.4.2 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.3.4.3 Final Remarks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.3.5 EXAMPLES -- 3.3.5.1 Range-Invariant Media -- 3.3.5.2 Range-Dependent Media -- 3.4 PARABOLIC EQUATION METHODS -- 3.4.1 INTERFACE CONDITIONS AT THE VERTICAL RANGE-SEGMENT INTERFACES -- 3.4.2 NUMERICAL SOLUTION METHODS -- 3.4.2.1 Start Solution -- 3.4.2.2 Rational-Function Approximations for the Relevant Operators -- 3.4.2.3 Depth Discretization and Range Integration -- 3.4.3 EXTENDED AND ALTERNATIVE PE APPROACHES -- 3.4.3.1 Extension to Media That Vary Regionwise Smoothly With Range and Depth -- 3.4.3.2 Coordinate Transformation Techniques -- 3.4.3.3 Two-Way PE Approaches -- 3.4.3.4 Extension to Fluid-Solid Media -- 3.4.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND FINITE-ELEMENT METHODS -- 3.5.1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR PARABOLIC AND NORMAL-MODE EQUATIONS -- 3.5.1.1 Application to Normal Modes -- 3.5.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEM AND FDM FOR THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION -- 3.5.2.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.2.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.2.3 Methods to Solve the Linear Equation System and Possibilities to Reduce Its Size -- 3.5.3 TIME-DOMAIN MODELING -- 3.5.3.1 FEM Discretization -- 3.5.3.2 FDM Discretization -- 3.5.3.3 Numerical Dispersion, Time Integration, and Stability -- 3.5.3.4 Including Absorption -- 3.5.3.5 Some Recent Developments -- 3.5.4 EXAMPLES -- 3.6 3-D SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS -- 3.6.1 MODELING HORIZONTAL REFRACTION BY A SLOPING BOTTOM OR CHANGING SOUND-SPEED PROFILE -- 3.6.1.1 Fourier Transformation With Respect to the y-Coordinate -- 3.6.1.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.1.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices -- 3.6.1.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.2 MODELING DIFFRACTION AROUND A CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC ANOMALY -- 3.6.2.1 Fourier Series With Respect to the φ Coordinate -- 3.6.2.2 Equations Relating the Modal Expansion Coefficients -- 3.6.2.3 Solution in Terms of Reflection-Coefficient Matrices</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.6.2.4 Final Remarks -- 3.6.3 EXAMPLES -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Absorption of Sound in Seawater -- 4.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 4.2.1 ABSORPTION PRESSURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.2 ABSORPTION TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- 4.2.3 PH DEPENDENCE OF ABSORPTION -- 4.2.4 SALINITY DEPENDENCE -- 4.3 SOUND ABSORPTION MECHANISMS -- 4.3.1 SOUND ABSORPTION IN FRESHWATER -- 4.3.2 MOLECULAR CHEMICAL RELAXATION PROCESSES -- 4.3.2.1 Temperature Dependence -- 4.3.2.2 Pressure Effects -- 4.4 FORMULAS AND EXPRESSIONS -- 4.4.1 FRANCOIS AND GARRISON EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.4.1.1 Boric Acid Coefficients -- 4.4.1.2 Magnesium Sulfate Coefficients -- 4.4.1.3 Pure Water Contribution -- 4.4.2 AINSLIE AND MCCOLM SIMPLIFIED EQUATION FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN SEAWATER -- 4.5 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Scattering of Sound -- 5.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 5.2 SCATTERING FROM POINT-LIKE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1 SINGLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.1.1 Rigid and Elastic Spheres -- 5.2.1.2 Gas Bubbles -- 5.2.1.3 Single Fish -- 5.2.1.4 Canonically Shaped Objects -- 5.2.1.5 Submarines -- 5.2.2 MULTIPLE OBJECTS -- 5.2.2.1 Fish Schools -- 5.2.2.2 Bubble Clouds -- 5.2.2.3 Deep Scattering Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Suspended Sediments -- 5.3 SCATTERING FROM EXTENDED, NEARLY PLANE, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 BRAGG SCATTERING -- 5.3.2 REFLECTION FROM FACETS -- 5.3.3 LAMBERT'S LAW -- 5.3.4 SCATTERING FROM THE SEA SURFACE -- 5.3.5 SCATTERING FROM THE SEABED -- 5.4 THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SCATTERING CALCULATIONS -- 5.4.1 THE PERTURBATION APPROXIMATION -- 5.4.2 THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF METHOD -- 5.4.3 SCATTERING FROM SURFACES WITH TWO SCALES OF ROUGHNESS -- 5.5 SCATTERING FROM CURVED, ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.6 REVERBERATION -- 5.7 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Ambient Noise -- 6.1 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6.2 SOURCES OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.2.1 TIDES AND HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS OF WAVES -- 6.2.2 SEISMIC ACTIVITIES -- 6.2.3 TURBULENCE -- 6.2.4 SURFACE PHENOMENA -- 6.2.4.1 Breaking Waves -- 6.2.4.2 Nonlinear Wave-Wave Interaction -- 6.2.4.3 Bubbles -- 6.2.5 PRECIPITATION -- 6.2.6 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- 6.2.7 ICE NOISE -- 6.2.8 SHIPPING -- 6.2.9 OTHER MAN-MADE (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES -- 6.2.10 SEDIMENT FLOW-GENERATED NOISE -- 6.2.11 THERMAL NOISE -- 6.3 SPECTRA OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.3.1 DEEP-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.3.2 SHALLOW-WATER SPECTRA -- 6.4 DIRECTIVITY OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.4.1 NOISE PROPAGATION -- 6.5 COHERENCE OF AMBIENT NOISE -- 6.6 SELF-NOISE -- 6.7 AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR UNDERWATER NOISE -- 6.8 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Shallow-Water Acoustics -- 7.1 WHAT IS SHALLOW-WATER ACOUSTICS? -- 7.1.1 MILITARY APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.2 DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.3 OCEAN SCIENCES APPLICATIONS -- 7.1.4 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS -- 7.2 PHYSICS AND PHENOMENA -- 7.2.1 SOURCE LEVEL TERM -- 7.2.1.1 Example: Integrating Pseudorandom Noise Sequences and Frequency Modulation Sweeps for Signal Gain -- 7.2.2 ARRAY GAIN TERM -- 7.2.2.1 Examples: Mode Filtration Techniques in Shallow Water -- 7.2.2.1.1 Time Resolution of Modes -- 7.2.2.1.2 Amplitude-Shaded Vertical Array Mode Resolution -- 7.2.2.1.3 Vertical Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.4 Horizontal Array Steering -- 7.2.2.1.5 Focused Array Mode Filtration -- 7.2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS TERM -- 7.2.3.1 Simple Geometric Spreading Intensity Arguments -- 7.2.3.2 Popular Propagation Theories and Their Application(s) to Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.1 Ray Theory -- 7.2.3.2.2 Normal Modes and Shallow Water -- 7.2.3.2.3 Vertical Modes and Horizontal Rays -- 7.2.3.2.3.1 Example: Ducting Between Nonlinear Internal Waves -- 7.2.3.2.4 Parabolic Equation -- 7.2.3.2.5 Wave Number Integration -- 7.2.4 AMBIENT NOISE TERM</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7.2.5 REVERBERATION TERM</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Waves</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Ambient sounds</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Underwater acoustics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Electronic books</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Neighbors, Thomas H.</subfield><subfield code="e">herausgeberin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1150802898</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-627)1011050560</subfield><subfield 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