Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Pyriproxyfen on <i<Apis</i< and Non-<i<Apis</i< Bees

Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic used extensively worldwide to fight pests in agriculture and horticulture. It also has numerous applications as larvicide in vector control. The molecule disrupts metamorphosis and adult emergence in the target insects. The same types of adverse effects are e...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic used extensively worldwide to fight pests in agriculture and horticulture. It also has numerous applications as larvicide in vector control. The molecule disrupts metamorphosis and adult emergence in the target insects. The same types of adverse effects are expected on non-target insects. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the existing information on the toxicity of pyriproxyfen on the honey bee (<i<Apis mellifera</i<) and non-<i<Apis</i< bees (bumble bees, solitary bees, and stingless bees). The goal was also to identify the gaps necessary to fill. Thus, whereas the acute and sublethal toxicity of pyriproxyfen against <i<A. mellifera</i< is well-documented, the information is almost lacking for the non-<i<Apis</i< bees. The direct and indirect routes of exposure of the non-<i<Apis</i< bees to pyriproxyfen also need to be identified and quantified. More generally, the impacts of pyriproxyfen on the reproductive success of the different bee species have to be evaluated as well as the potential adverse effects of its metabolites. Ausführliche Beschreibung