Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination
A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complai...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Pichler, Anne Sophie [verfasserIn] Zydervelt, Sarah [verfasserIn] Goodman-Delahunty, Jane [verfasserIn] Powell, Martine [verfasserIn] Sharman, Stefanie J. [verfasserIn] Westera, Nina [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2021 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Psychology, crime & law - Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994, 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:27 ; year:2021 ; number:4 ; pages:341-356 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
1767078838 |
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| 520 | |a A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. | ||
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10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 doi (DE-627)1767078838 (DE-599)KXP1767078838 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng Pichler, Anne Sophie verfasserin aut Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. Child witness interview cross-examination inconsistencies question type Zydervelt, Sarah verfasserin (DE-588)1144374707 (DE-627)1004709498 (DE-576)495159786 aut Goodman-Delahunty, Jane verfasserin (DE-588)1223568164 (DE-627)1743040164 aut Powell, Martine verfasserin aut Sharman, Stefanie J. verfasserin aut Westera, Nina verfasserin aut Enthalten in Psychology, crime & law Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 Online-Ressource (DE-627)341903574 (DE-600)2070124-X (DE-576)27234995X 1477-2744 nnns volume:27 year:2021 number:4 pages:341-356 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ILN_2002 ISIL_DE-21-110 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_184 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 27 2021 4 341-356 2002 01 DE-21-110 3969227976 00 --%%-- --%%-- --%%-- n l01 16-08-21 |
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10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 doi (DE-627)1767078838 (DE-599)KXP1767078838 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng Pichler, Anne Sophie verfasserin aut Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. Child witness interview cross-examination inconsistencies question type Zydervelt, Sarah verfasserin (DE-588)1144374707 (DE-627)1004709498 (DE-576)495159786 aut Goodman-Delahunty, Jane verfasserin (DE-588)1223568164 (DE-627)1743040164 aut Powell, Martine verfasserin aut Sharman, Stefanie J. verfasserin aut Westera, Nina verfasserin aut Enthalten in Psychology, crime & law Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 Online-Ressource (DE-627)341903574 (DE-600)2070124-X (DE-576)27234995X 1477-2744 nnns volume:27 year:2021 number:4 pages:341-356 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ILN_2002 ISIL_DE-21-110 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_184 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 27 2021 4 341-356 2002 01 DE-21-110 3969227976 00 --%%-- --%%-- --%%-- n l01 16-08-21 |
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10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 doi (DE-627)1767078838 (DE-599)KXP1767078838 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng Pichler, Anne Sophie verfasserin aut Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. Child witness interview cross-examination inconsistencies question type Zydervelt, Sarah verfasserin (DE-588)1144374707 (DE-627)1004709498 (DE-576)495159786 aut Goodman-Delahunty, Jane verfasserin (DE-588)1223568164 (DE-627)1743040164 aut Powell, Martine verfasserin aut Sharman, Stefanie J. verfasserin aut Westera, Nina verfasserin aut Enthalten in Psychology, crime & law Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 Online-Ressource (DE-627)341903574 (DE-600)2070124-X (DE-576)27234995X 1477-2744 nnns volume:27 year:2021 number:4 pages:341-356 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ILN_2002 ISIL_DE-21-110 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_184 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 27 2021 4 341-356 2002 01 DE-21-110 3969227976 00 --%%-- --%%-- --%%-- n l01 16-08-21 |
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10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 doi (DE-627)1767078838 (DE-599)KXP1767078838 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng Pichler, Anne Sophie verfasserin aut Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. Child witness interview cross-examination inconsistencies question type Zydervelt, Sarah verfasserin (DE-588)1144374707 (DE-627)1004709498 (DE-576)495159786 aut Goodman-Delahunty, Jane verfasserin (DE-588)1223568164 (DE-627)1743040164 aut Powell, Martine verfasserin aut Sharman, Stefanie J. verfasserin aut Westera, Nina verfasserin aut Enthalten in Psychology, crime & law Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 Online-Ressource (DE-627)341903574 (DE-600)2070124-X (DE-576)27234995X 1477-2744 nnns volume:27 year:2021 number:4 pages:341-356 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ILN_2002 ISIL_DE-21-110 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_184 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 27 2021 4 341-356 2002 01 DE-21-110 3969227976 00 --%%-- --%%-- --%%-- n l01 16-08-21 |
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10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 doi (DE-627)1767078838 (DE-599)KXP1767078838 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng Pichler, Anne Sophie verfasserin aut Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. Child witness interview cross-examination inconsistencies question type Zydervelt, Sarah verfasserin (DE-588)1144374707 (DE-627)1004709498 (DE-576)495159786 aut Goodman-Delahunty, Jane verfasserin (DE-588)1223568164 (DE-627)1743040164 aut Powell, Martine verfasserin aut Sharman, Stefanie J. verfasserin aut Westera, Nina verfasserin aut Enthalten in Psychology, crime & law Getzville, NY : HeinOnline, 1994 27(2021), 4, Seite 341-356 Online-Ressource (DE-627)341903574 (DE-600)2070124-X (DE-576)27234995X 1477-2744 nnns volume:27 year:2021 number:4 pages:341-356 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1805743 Resolving-System lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ILN_2002 ISIL_DE-21-110 SYSFLAG_1 GBV_KXP GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_184 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 27 2021 4 341-356 2002 01 DE-21-110 3969227976 00 --%%-- --%%-- --%%-- n l01 16-08-21 |
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inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination |
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Inconsistencies in complainant's accounts of child sexual abuse arising in their cross-examination |
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A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. |
| abstractGer |
A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. |
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A key cross-examination tactic in trials of child sexual abuse (CSA) is to highlight inconsistencies between sources of information to discredit the complainant's account. The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. Judges and juries require education about inconsistencies that arise from memory's reconstructive nature and lay people's tendency to use these inconsistencies to make inferences about the unreliability of witnesses. |
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The present study examined the prevalence, origin and nature of inconsistencies arising in the cross-examination of complainants in CSA trials. Further, we examined the association between these inconsistencies and the types of question that elicited them in the earlier police interview of the child witness (i.e. open-ended, specific, or leading). Transcripts of videorecorded interviews (evidence-in-chief) of 73 complainants (15 males, 58 females) and subsequent cross-examinations at trial were coded. Results showed that inconsistencies were raised in the cross-examination of 94.5% of complainants; most between what the children said in their police interview versus their cross-examination. A greater proportion of inconsistencies was associated with specific than open-ended questions asked in the police interview. However, open-ended questions were associated with some inconsistencies, perhaps due to the longer answers they elicited. Shorter police interviews relying mainly on open-ended questions may minimise the opportunity for inconsistencies to arise in cross-examinations. 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