The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure

Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility....
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	David Khalaf [verfasserIn] Marcus Krüger [verfasserIn] Markus Wehland [verfasserIn] Manfred Infanger [verfasserIn] Daniela Grimm [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Nutrients - MDPI AG, 2009, 11(2019), 7, p 1679
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2019 ; number:7, p 1679

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/nu11071679

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ000932027

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520			\|a Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”.
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allfields	10.3390/nu11071679 doi (DE-627)DOAJ000932027 (DE-599)DOAJdea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 David Khalaf verfasserin aut The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”. amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension Nutrition. Foods and food supply Marcus Krüger verfasserin aut Markus Wehland verfasserin aut Manfred Infanger verfasserin aut Daniela Grimm verfasserin aut In Nutrients MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 7, p 1679 (DE-627)610604155 (DE-600)2518386-2 20726643 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 7, p 1679
spelling	10.3390/nu11071679 doi (DE-627)DOAJ000932027 (DE-599)DOAJdea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 David Khalaf verfasserin aut The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”. amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension Nutrition. Foods and food supply Marcus Krüger verfasserin aut Markus Wehland verfasserin aut Manfred Infanger verfasserin aut Daniela Grimm verfasserin aut In Nutrients MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 7, p 1679 (DE-627)610604155 (DE-600)2518386-2 20726643 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 7, p 1679
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/nu11071679 doi (DE-627)DOAJ000932027 (DE-599)DOAJdea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 David Khalaf verfasserin aut The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”. amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension Nutrition. Foods and food supply Marcus Krüger verfasserin aut Markus Wehland verfasserin aut Manfred Infanger verfasserin aut Daniela Grimm verfasserin aut In Nutrients MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 7, p 1679 (DE-627)610604155 (DE-600)2518386-2 20726643 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 7, p 1679
allfieldsGer	10.3390/nu11071679 doi (DE-627)DOAJ000932027 (DE-599)DOAJdea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 David Khalaf verfasserin aut The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”. amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension Nutrition. Foods and food supply Marcus Krüger verfasserin aut Markus Wehland verfasserin aut Manfred Infanger verfasserin aut Daniela Grimm verfasserin aut In Nutrients MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 7, p 1679 (DE-627)610604155 (DE-600)2518386-2 20726643 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 7, p 1679
allfieldsSound	10.3390/nu11071679 doi (DE-627)DOAJ000932027 (DE-599)DOAJdea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 David Khalaf verfasserin aut The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”. amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension Nutrition. Foods and food supply Marcus Krüger verfasserin aut Markus Wehland verfasserin aut Manfred Infanger verfasserin aut Daniela Grimm verfasserin aut In Nutrients MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 7, p 1679 (DE-627)610604155 (DE-600)2518386-2 20726643 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 7, p 1679
language	English
source	In Nutrients 11(2019), 7, p 1679 volume:11 year:2019 number:7, p 1679
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	David Khalaf
spellingShingle	David Khalaf misc TX341-641 misc amino acids misc nutrition misc nitric oxide misc eNOS misc blood pressure misc hypertension misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
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topic_title	TX341-641 The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure amino acids nutrition nitric oxide eNOS blood pressure hypertension
topic	misc TX341-641 misc amino acids misc nutrition misc nitric oxide misc eNOS misc blood pressure misc hypertension misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply
topic_unstemmed	misc TX341-641 misc amino acids misc nutrition misc nitric oxide misc eNOS misc blood pressure misc hypertension misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply
topic_browse	misc TX341-641 misc amino acids misc nutrition misc nitric oxide misc eNOS misc blood pressure misc hypertension misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply
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title	The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
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title_full	The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
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author_browse	David Khalaf Marcus Krüger Markus Wehland Manfred Infanger Daniela Grimm
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title_sort	effects of oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure
callnumber	TX341-641
title_auth	The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
abstract	Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”.
abstractGer	Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”.
abstract_unstemmed	Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The inadequate production of NO has been linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) in both human and animal studies, and might be due to substrate inaccessibility. This review aimed to investigate whether oral administration of the amino acids <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine (Arg) and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-citrulline (Cit), which are potential substrates for eNOS, could effectively reduce BP by increasing NO production. Both Arg and Cit are effective at increasing plasma Arg. Cit is approximately twice as potent, which is most likely due to a lower first-pass metabolism. The current data suggest that oral Arg supplementation can lower BP by 5.39/2.66 mmHg, which is an effect that is comparable with diet changes and exercise implementation. The antihypertensive properties of Cit are more questionable, but are likely in the range of 4.1/2.08 to 7.54/3.77 mmHg. The exact mechanism by which Cit and Arg exert their effect is not fully understood, as normal plasma Arg concentration greatly exceeds the Michaelis constant (K<sub<m</sub<) of eNOS. Thus, elevated plasma Arg concentrations would not be expected to increase endogenous NO production significantly, but have nonetheless been observed in other studies. This phenomenon is known as the “<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"<l</span<-arginine paradox”.
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container_issue	7, p 1679
title_short	The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071679 https://doaj.org/article/dea5b3a4a8cc479ba1b959c5f77abca9 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1679 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643
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The Effects of Oral <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Arginine and <span style="font-variant: small-caps"<l</span<-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure

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