Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar
Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Mitsumu K. Ejiri [verfasserIn] Takuji Nakamura [verfasserIn] Takuo T. Tsuda [verfasserIn] Takanori Nishiyama [verfasserIn] Makoto Abo [verfasserIn] Toru Takahashi [verfasserIn] Katsuhiko Tsuno [verfasserIn] Takuya D. Kawahara [verfasserIn] Takayo Ogawa [verfasserIn] Satoshi Wada [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2019 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Earth, Planets and Space - SpringerOpen, 2015, 71(2019), 1, Seite 10 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:71 ; year:2019 ; number:1 ; pages:10 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ001633384 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar |
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| 520 | |a Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Sporadic E (E s) layer | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Calcium ion (Ca+) density | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Resonance scattering lidar | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mid-latitude | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vertical fine structure | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Geography. Anthropology. Recreation | |
| 653 | 0 | |a G | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Geodesy | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Geology | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Takuji Nakamura |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Takuo T. Tsuda |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Takanori Nishiyama |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Makoto Abo |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Toru Takahashi |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Katsuhiko Tsuno |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Takuya D. Kawahara |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Takayo Ogawa |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Satoshi Wada |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ001633384 (DE-599)DOAJe22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB275-343 QE1-996.5 Mitsumu K. Ejiri verfasserin aut Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. Sporadic E (E s) layer Calcium ion (Ca+) density Resonance scattering lidar Mid-latitude Vertical fine structure Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Geodesy Geology Takuji Nakamura verfasserin aut Takuo T. Tsuda verfasserin aut Takanori Nishiyama verfasserin aut Makoto Abo verfasserin aut Toru Takahashi verfasserin aut Katsuhiko Tsuno verfasserin aut Takuya D. Kawahara verfasserin aut Takayo Ogawa verfasserin aut Satoshi Wada verfasserin aut In Earth, Planets and Space SpringerOpen, 2015 71(2019), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)353898597 (DE-600)2087663-4 18805981 nnns volume:71 year:2019 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 kostenfrei http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1880-5981 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 71 2019 1 10 |
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10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ001633384 (DE-599)DOAJe22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB275-343 QE1-996.5 Mitsumu K. Ejiri verfasserin aut Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. Sporadic E (E s) layer Calcium ion (Ca+) density Resonance scattering lidar Mid-latitude Vertical fine structure Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Geodesy Geology Takuji Nakamura verfasserin aut Takuo T. Tsuda verfasserin aut Takanori Nishiyama verfasserin aut Makoto Abo verfasserin aut Toru Takahashi verfasserin aut Katsuhiko Tsuno verfasserin aut Takuya D. Kawahara verfasserin aut Takayo Ogawa verfasserin aut Satoshi Wada verfasserin aut In Earth, Planets and Space SpringerOpen, 2015 71(2019), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)353898597 (DE-600)2087663-4 18805981 nnns volume:71 year:2019 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 kostenfrei http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1880-5981 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 71 2019 1 10 |
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10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ001633384 (DE-599)DOAJe22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB275-343 QE1-996.5 Mitsumu K. Ejiri verfasserin aut Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. Sporadic E (E s) layer Calcium ion (Ca+) density Resonance scattering lidar Mid-latitude Vertical fine structure Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Geodesy Geology Takuji Nakamura verfasserin aut Takuo T. Tsuda verfasserin aut Takanori Nishiyama verfasserin aut Makoto Abo verfasserin aut Toru Takahashi verfasserin aut Katsuhiko Tsuno verfasserin aut Takuya D. Kawahara verfasserin aut Takayo Ogawa verfasserin aut Satoshi Wada verfasserin aut In Earth, Planets and Space SpringerOpen, 2015 71(2019), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)353898597 (DE-600)2087663-4 18805981 nnns volume:71 year:2019 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 kostenfrei http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1880-5981 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 71 2019 1 10 |
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10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ001633384 (DE-599)DOAJe22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB275-343 QE1-996.5 Mitsumu K. Ejiri verfasserin aut Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. Sporadic E (E s) layer Calcium ion (Ca+) density Resonance scattering lidar Mid-latitude Vertical fine structure Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Geography. Anthropology. Recreation G Geodesy Geology Takuji Nakamura verfasserin aut Takuo T. Tsuda verfasserin aut Takanori Nishiyama verfasserin aut Makoto Abo verfasserin aut Toru Takahashi verfasserin aut Katsuhiko Tsuno verfasserin aut Takuya D. Kawahara verfasserin aut Takayo Ogawa verfasserin aut Satoshi Wada verfasserin aut In Earth, Planets and Space SpringerOpen, 2015 71(2019), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)353898597 (DE-600)2087663-4 18805981 nnns volume:71 year:2019 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e22b1c1f45b54e41963f6c3a17bd5fc5 kostenfrei http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40623-019-0984-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1880-5981 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 71 2019 1 10 |
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Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar |
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Mitsumu K. Ejiri |
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Earth, Planets and Space |
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Mitsumu K. Ejiri Takuji Nakamura Takuo T. Tsuda Takanori Nishiyama Makoto Abo Toru Takahashi Katsuhiko Tsuno Takuya D. Kawahara Takayo Ogawa Satoshi Wada |
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vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the e s layer observed by a high-resolution ca+ lidar |
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Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar |
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Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract The vertical fine structures and the time evolution of plasma irregularities in the sporadic E (E s) layer were observed via calcium ion (Ca+) density measurements using a resonance scattering lidar with a high time-height resolution (5 s and 15 m) at Tachikawa (35.7°N, 139.4°E) on December 24, 2014. The observation successfully provided clearer fine structures of plasma irregularities, such as quasi-sinusoidal height variation, localized clumps, “cats-eye” structures, and twist structures, in the sporadic Ca+ ($${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s ) layers at around 100 km altitude. These fine structures suggested that the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities occurred in the neutral atmosphere whose density changed temporarily or spatially. The maximum Ca+ density in the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum electron density estimated from the critical frequency (f o E s) simultaneously observed by the ionosonde at Kokubunji (35.7°N, 139.5°E). A strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 suggests that Ca+ contributes forming the E s layer as well as major metallic ions Fe+ and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. Moreover, the formation of a new $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layer at 110 km and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers at 100 km and 110 km were observed before the local sunrise and just after the sunrise time at the conjugation point. Although the presence or absence of a causal relationship with the sunrise time was not clear, a possible explanation for the formation and the upward motions of the $${{\text{Ca}}^{+}}_{\text{s}}$$ Ca+s layers was the occurrence of strong horizontal wind, rather than the enhancement of the eastward electric field. |
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Vertical fine structure and time evolution of plasma irregularities in the E s layer observed by a high-resolution Ca+ lidar |
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Takuji Nakamura Takuo T. Tsuda Takanori Nishiyama Makoto Abo Toru Takahashi Katsuhiko Tsuno Takuya D. Kawahara Takayo Ogawa Satoshi Wada |
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