Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection

Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 di...
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Autor*in:	Silvia Novello [verfasserIn] Massimo Terzolo [verfasserIn] Berchialla Paola [verfasserIn] Martina Gianetta [verfasserIn] Valentina Bianco [verfasserIn] Francesca Arizio [verfasserIn] Dalila Brero [verfasserIn] Anna Maria Elena Perini [verfasserIn] Adriana Boccuzzi [verfasserIn] Valeria Caramello [verfasserIn] Alberto Perboni [verfasserIn] Fabio Bellavia [verfasserIn] Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Scientific Reports - Nature Portfolio, 2011, 11(2021), 1, Seite 9
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2021 ; number:1 ; pages:9

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ002855097

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allfields	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 doi (DE-627)DOAJ002855097 (DE-599)DOAJ2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Silvia Novello verfasserin aut Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool. Medicine R Science Q Massimo Terzolo verfasserin aut Berchialla Paola verfasserin aut Martina Gianetta verfasserin aut Valentina Bianco verfasserin aut Francesca Arizio verfasserin aut Dalila Brero verfasserin aut Anna Maria Elena Perini verfasserin aut Adriana Boccuzzi verfasserin aut Valeria Caramello verfasserin aut Alberto Perboni verfasserin aut Fabio Bellavia verfasserin aut Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 1 9
spelling	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 doi (DE-627)DOAJ002855097 (DE-599)DOAJ2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Silvia Novello verfasserin aut Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool. Medicine R Science Q Massimo Terzolo verfasserin aut Berchialla Paola verfasserin aut Martina Gianetta verfasserin aut Valentina Bianco verfasserin aut Francesca Arizio verfasserin aut Dalila Brero verfasserin aut Anna Maria Elena Perini verfasserin aut Adriana Boccuzzi verfasserin aut Valeria Caramello verfasserin aut Alberto Perboni verfasserin aut Fabio Bellavia verfasserin aut Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 1 9
allfields_unstemmed	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 doi (DE-627)DOAJ002855097 (DE-599)DOAJ2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Silvia Novello verfasserin aut Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool. Medicine R Science Q Massimo Terzolo verfasserin aut Berchialla Paola verfasserin aut Martina Gianetta verfasserin aut Valentina Bianco verfasserin aut Francesca Arizio verfasserin aut Dalila Brero verfasserin aut Anna Maria Elena Perini verfasserin aut Adriana Boccuzzi verfasserin aut Valeria Caramello verfasserin aut Alberto Perboni verfasserin aut Fabio Bellavia verfasserin aut Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 1 9
allfieldsGer	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 doi (DE-627)DOAJ002855097 (DE-599)DOAJ2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Silvia Novello verfasserin aut Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool. Medicine R Science Q Massimo Terzolo verfasserin aut Berchialla Paola verfasserin aut Martina Gianetta verfasserin aut Valentina Bianco verfasserin aut Francesca Arizio verfasserin aut Dalila Brero verfasserin aut Anna Maria Elena Perini verfasserin aut Adriana Boccuzzi verfasserin aut Valeria Caramello verfasserin aut Alberto Perboni verfasserin aut Fabio Bellavia verfasserin aut Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 1 9
allfieldsSound	10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 doi (DE-627)DOAJ002855097 (DE-599)DOAJ2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Silvia Novello verfasserin aut Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool. Medicine R Science Q Massimo Terzolo verfasserin aut Berchialla Paola verfasserin aut Martina Gianetta verfasserin aut Valentina Bianco verfasserin aut Francesca Arizio verfasserin aut Dalila Brero verfasserin aut Anna Maria Elena Perini verfasserin aut Adriana Boccuzzi verfasserin aut Valeria Caramello verfasserin aut Alberto Perboni verfasserin aut Fabio Bellavia verfasserin aut Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/2425082442c845dcbe0b152f3a488b1a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04279-4 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 1 9
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source	In Scientific Reports 11(2021), 1, Seite 9 volume:11 year:2021 number:1 pages:9
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Silvia Novello @@aut@@ Massimo Terzolo @@aut@@ Berchialla Paola @@aut@@ Martina Gianetta @@aut@@ Valentina Bianco @@aut@@ Francesca Arizio @@aut@@ Dalila Brero @@aut@@ Anna Maria Elena Perini @@aut@@ Adriana Boccuzzi @@aut@@ Valeria Caramello @@aut@@ Alberto Perboni @@aut@@ Fabio Bellavia @@aut@@ Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti @@aut@@
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author	Silvia Novello
spellingShingle	Silvia Novello misc Medicine misc R misc Science misc Q Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection
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title_sort	humoral immune response to sars-cov-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection
title_auth	Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection
abstract	Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool.
abstractGer	Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract It is partially unknown whether the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection persists with time. To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. The study indicates that assessing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 through qualitative and quantitative testing is a reliable disease surveillance tool.
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To address this issue, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different groups of individuals previously diagnosed with COVID-19 disease (group 1 and 2), or potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 3 and 4), and in a representative group of individuals with limited environmental exposure to the virus due to lockdown restrictions (group 5). The primary outcome was specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the different groups assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis at baseline, 3 and 6 months follow-up. The seroconversion rate at baseline test was 95% in group 1, 61% in group 2, 40% in group 3, 17% in group 4 and 3% in group 5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed male gender, close COVID-19 contact and presence of COVID-19 related symptoms strongly associated with serological positivity. The percentage of positive individuals as assessed by the qualitative and quantitative tests was superimposable. At the quantitative test, the median level of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels measured in positive cases retested at 6-months increased significantly from baseline. 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Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in five different groups of individuals at different environmental and professional risk of infection

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