Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task

Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Laura Marchal-Crespo [verfasserIn] Lars Michels [verfasserIn] Lukas Jaeger [verfasserIn] Jorge López-Olóriz [verfasserIn] Robert Riener [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2017

Schlagwörter:	motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Neuroscience - Frontiers Media S.A., 2008, 11(2017)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2017

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ003100308

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spelling	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003100308 (DE-599)DOAJ7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation. motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Jorge López-Olóriz verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 11(2017) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:11 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2017
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003100308 (DE-599)DOAJ7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation. motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Jorge López-Olóriz verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 11(2017) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:11 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2017
allfieldsGer	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003100308 (DE-599)DOAJ7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation. motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Jorge López-Olóriz verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 11(2017) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:11 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2017
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003100308 (DE-599)DOAJ7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation. motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Laura Marchal-Crespo verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lars Michels verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Lukas Jaeger verfasserin aut Jorge López-Olóriz verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut Robert Riener verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 11(2017) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:11 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2017
language	English
source	In Frontiers in Neuroscience 11(2017) volume:11 year:2017
sourceStr	In Frontiers in Neuroscience 11(2017) volume:11 year:2017
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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container_title	Frontiers in Neuroscience
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Laura Marchal-Crespo @@aut@@ Lars Michels @@aut@@ Lukas Jaeger @@aut@@ Jorge López-Olóriz @@aut@@ Robert Riener @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
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language_de	englisch
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topic_title	RC321-571 Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task motor learning error augmentation random disturbance error amplification gait rehabilitation rehabilitation robotics
topic	misc RC321-571 misc motor learning misc error augmentation misc random disturbance misc error amplification misc gait rehabilitation misc rehabilitation robotics misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_unstemmed	misc RC321-571 misc motor learning misc error augmentation misc random disturbance misc error amplification misc gait rehabilitation misc rehabilitation robotics misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_browse	misc RC321-571 misc motor learning misc error augmentation misc random disturbance misc error amplification misc gait rehabilitation misc rehabilitation robotics misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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title	Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task
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title_full	Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task
author_sort	Laura Marchal-Crespo
journal	Frontiers in Neuroscience
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author_browse	Laura Marchal-Crespo Lars Michels Lukas Jaeger Jorge López-Olóriz Robert Riener
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doi_str_mv	10.3389/fnins.2017.00526
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title_sort	effect of error augmentation on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task
callnumber	RC321-571
title_auth	Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task
abstract	Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation.
abstractGer	Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation.
abstract_unstemmed	Up to date, the functional gains obtained after robot-aided gait rehabilitation training are limited. Error augmenting strategies have a great potential to enhance motor learning of simple motor tasks. However, little is known about the effect of these error modulating strategies on complex tasks, such as relearning to walk after a neurologic accident. Additionally, neuroimaging evaluation of brain regions involved in learning processes could provide valuable information on behavioral outcomes. We investigated the effect of robotic training strategies that augment errors—error amplification and random force disturbance—and training without perturbations on brain activation and motor learning of a complex locomotor task. Thirty-four healthy subjects performed the experiment with a robotic stepper (MARCOS) in a 1.5 T MR scanner. The task consisted in tracking a Lissajous figure presented on a display by coordinating the legs in a gait-like movement pattern. Behavioral results showed that training without perturbations enhanced motor learning in initially less skilled subjects, while error amplification benefited better-skilled subjects. Training with error amplification, however, hampered transfer of learning. Randomly disturbing forces induced learning and promoted transfer in all subjects, probably because the unexpected forces increased subjects' attention. Functional MRI revealed main effects of training strategy and skill level during training. A main effect of training strategy was seen in brain regions typically associated with motor control and learning, such as, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, intraparietal sulcus, and angular gyrus. Especially, random disturbance and no perturbation lead to stronger brain activation in similar brain regions than error amplification. Skill-level related effects were observed in the IPS, in parts of the superior parietal lobe (SPL), i.e., precuneus, and temporal cortex. These neuroimaging findings indicate that gait-like motor learning depends on interplay between subcortical, cerebellar, and fronto-parietal brain regions. An interesting observation was the low activation observed in the brain's reward system after training with error amplification compared to training without perturbations. Our results suggest that to enhance learning of a locomotor task, errors should be augmented based on subjects' skill level. The impacts of these strategies on motor learning, brain activation, and motivation in neurological patients need further investigation.
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title_short	Effect of Error Augmentation on Brain Activation and Motor Learning of a Complex Locomotor Task
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526 https://doaj.org/article/7659309b05ab42b3a07a83d8c0881914 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00526/full https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X
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author2	Laura Marchal-Crespo Lars Michels Lukas Jaeger Jorge López-Olóriz Robert Riener
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