A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Francesco Cerritelli [verfasserIn] Martin G. Frasch [verfasserIn] Marta C. Antonelli [verfasserIn] Chiara Viglione [verfasserIn] Stefano Vecchi [verfasserIn] Marco Chiera [verfasserIn] Andrea Manzotti [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Neuroscience - Frontiers Media S.A., 2008, 15(2021)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:15 ; year:2021

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ003501566

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spelling	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003501566 (DE-599)DOAJ76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Francesco Cerritelli verfasserin aut A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor. fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Martin G. Frasch verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Chiara Viglione verfasserin aut Stefano Vecchi verfasserin aut Marco Chiera verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 15(2021) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:15 year:2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2021
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003501566 (DE-599)DOAJ76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Francesco Cerritelli verfasserin aut A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor. fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Martin G. Frasch verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Chiara Viglione verfasserin aut Stefano Vecchi verfasserin aut Marco Chiera verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 15(2021) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:15 year:2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2021
allfieldsGer	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003501566 (DE-599)DOAJ76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Francesco Cerritelli verfasserin aut A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor. fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Martin G. Frasch verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Chiara Viglione verfasserin aut Stefano Vecchi verfasserin aut Marco Chiera verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 15(2021) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:15 year:2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2021
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 doi (DE-627)DOAJ003501566 (DE-599)DOAJ76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Francesco Cerritelli verfasserin aut A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor. fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Martin G. Frasch verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Marta C. Antonelli verfasserin aut Chiara Viglione verfasserin aut Stefano Vecchi verfasserin aut Marco Chiera verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut Andrea Manzotti verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 15(2021) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:15 year:2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2021
language	English
source	In Frontiers in Neuroscience 15(2021) volume:15 year:2021
sourceStr	In Frontiers in Neuroscience 15(2021) volume:15 year:2021
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Frontiers in Neuroscience
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Francesco Cerritelli @@aut@@ Martin G. Frasch @@aut@@ Marta C. Antonelli @@aut@@ Chiara Viglione @@aut@@ Stefano Vecchi @@aut@@ Marco Chiera @@aut@@ Andrea Manzotti @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
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topic_title	RC321-571 A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows fetal development autonomic nervous system vagus nerve cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway heart rate variability critical window
topic	misc RC321-571 misc fetal development misc autonomic nervous system misc vagus nerve misc cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway misc heart rate variability misc critical window misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_unstemmed	misc RC321-571 misc fetal development misc autonomic nervous system misc vagus nerve misc cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway misc heart rate variability misc critical window misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_browse	misc RC321-571 misc fetal development misc autonomic nervous system misc vagus nerve misc cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway misc heart rate variability misc critical window misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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title	A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows
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title_full	A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows
author_sort	Francesco Cerritelli
journal	Frontiers in Neuroscience
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author_browse	Francesco Cerritelli Martin G. Frasch Marta C. Antonelli Chiara Viglione Stefano Vecchi Marco Chiera Andrea Manzotti
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author-letter	Francesco Cerritelli
doi_str_mv	10.3389/fnins.2021.721605
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title_sort	review on the vagus nerve and autonomic nervous system during fetal development: searching for critical windows
callnumber	RC321-571
title_auth	A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows
abstract	The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
abstractGer	The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
abstract_unstemmed	The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible “critical windows” that could impact its maturation. These “critical windows” could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors—i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure—may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned “critical window” and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
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title_short	A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605 https://doaj.org/article/76335abb4a044fcd8798fe21034ea8fe https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.721605/full https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X
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author2	Martin G. Frasch Marta C. Antonelli Chiara Viglione Stefano Vecchi Marco Chiera Andrea Manzotti
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