Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen

B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exp...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Maria Trovato [verfasserIn] Hany M. Ibrahim [verfasserIn] Stephane Isnard [verfasserIn] Roger Le Grand [verfasserIn] Nathalie Bosquet [verfasserIn] Gwenoline Borhis [verfasserIn] Yolande Richard [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	B-cells SIV GC T CXCL10 CXCL13

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Viruses - MDPI AG, 2009, 13(2021), 2, p 263
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2021 ; number:2, p 263

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/v13020263

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ006532012

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author_variant	m t mt h m i hmi s i si r l g rlg n b nb g b gb y r yr
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allfields	10.3390/v13020263 doi (DE-627)DOAJ006532012 (DE-599)DOAJ7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Maria Trovato verfasserin aut Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13. B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13 Microbiology Hany M. Ibrahim verfasserin aut Stephane Isnard verfasserin aut Roger Le Grand verfasserin aut Nathalie Bosquet verfasserin aut Gwenoline Borhis verfasserin aut Yolande Richard verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 2, p 263 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 2, p 263
spelling	10.3390/v13020263 doi (DE-627)DOAJ006532012 (DE-599)DOAJ7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Maria Trovato verfasserin aut Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13. B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13 Microbiology Hany M. Ibrahim verfasserin aut Stephane Isnard verfasserin aut Roger Le Grand verfasserin aut Nathalie Bosquet verfasserin aut Gwenoline Borhis verfasserin aut Yolande Richard verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 2, p 263 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 2, p 263
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/v13020263 doi (DE-627)DOAJ006532012 (DE-599)DOAJ7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Maria Trovato verfasserin aut Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13. B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13 Microbiology Hany M. Ibrahim verfasserin aut Stephane Isnard verfasserin aut Roger Le Grand verfasserin aut Nathalie Bosquet verfasserin aut Gwenoline Borhis verfasserin aut Yolande Richard verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 2, p 263 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 2, p 263
allfieldsGer	10.3390/v13020263 doi (DE-627)DOAJ006532012 (DE-599)DOAJ7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Maria Trovato verfasserin aut Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13. B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13 Microbiology Hany M. Ibrahim verfasserin aut Stephane Isnard verfasserin aut Roger Le Grand verfasserin aut Nathalie Bosquet verfasserin aut Gwenoline Borhis verfasserin aut Yolande Richard verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 2, p 263 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 2, p 263
allfieldsSound	10.3390/v13020263 doi (DE-627)DOAJ006532012 (DE-599)DOAJ7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Maria Trovato verfasserin aut Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13. B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13 Microbiology Hany M. Ibrahim verfasserin aut Stephane Isnard verfasserin aut Roger Le Grand verfasserin aut Nathalie Bosquet verfasserin aut Gwenoline Borhis verfasserin aut Yolande Richard verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 2, p 263 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7a9354c269034c8f830c4751c05950f9 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/263 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 2, p 263
language	English
source	In Viruses 13(2021), 2, p 263 volume:13 year:2021 number:2, p 263
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Maria Trovato
spellingShingle	Maria Trovato misc QR1-502 misc B-cells misc SIV misc GC misc T<sub<FH</sub< misc CXCL10 misc CXCL13 misc Microbiology Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen
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topic_title	QR1-502 Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen B-cells SIV GC T<sub<FH</sub< CXCL10 CXCL13
topic	misc QR1-502 misc B-cells misc SIV misc GC misc T<sub<FH</sub< misc CXCL10 misc CXCL13 misc Microbiology
topic_unstemmed	misc QR1-502 misc B-cells misc SIV misc GC misc T<sub<FH</sub< misc CXCL10 misc CXCL13 misc Microbiology
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title	Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen
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title_full	Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen
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title_sort	distinct features of germinal center reactions in macaques infected by siv or vaccinated with a t-dependent model antigen
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title_auth	Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen
abstract	B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.
abstractGer	B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.
abstract_unstemmed	B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (T<sub<FH</sub<) and regulatory (T<sub<FR</sub<) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV<sup<+</sup<) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV<sup<+</sup<. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV<sup<+,</sup< the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of T<sub<FH</sub< massively polarized into T<sub<FH1</sub<-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of T<sub<FR</sub< limiting T<sub<FH</sub</T<sub<FR</sub< competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.
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title_short	Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen
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Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21<sup<lo</sup< memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. 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Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen

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