Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014

Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabol...
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Autor*in:	Rajrupa Ghosh [verfasserIn] Mefruz Haque [verfasserIn] Paul C. Turner [verfasserIn] Raul Cruz-Cano [verfasserIn] Cher M. Dallal [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - MDPI AG, 2005, 18(2021), 6870, p 6870
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:18 ; year:2021 ; number:6870, p 6870

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/ijerph18136870

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ008855838

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520			\|a Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity.
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allfields	10.3390/ijerph18136870 doi (DE-627)DOAJ008855838 (DE-599)DOAJcfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rajrupa Ghosh verfasserin aut Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity. phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex Medicine R Mefruz Haque verfasserin aut Paul C. Turner verfasserin aut Raul Cruz-Cano verfasserin aut Cher M. Dallal verfasserin aut In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI AG, 2005 18(2021), 6870, p 6870 (DE-627)477992463 (DE-600)2175195-X 16604601 nnns volume:18 year:2021 number:6870, p 6870 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 18 2021 6870, p 6870
spelling	10.3390/ijerph18136870 doi (DE-627)DOAJ008855838 (DE-599)DOAJcfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rajrupa Ghosh verfasserin aut Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity. phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex Medicine R Mefruz Haque verfasserin aut Paul C. Turner verfasserin aut Raul Cruz-Cano verfasserin aut Cher M. Dallal verfasserin aut In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI AG, 2005 18(2021), 6870, p 6870 (DE-627)477992463 (DE-600)2175195-X 16604601 nnns volume:18 year:2021 number:6870, p 6870 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 18 2021 6870, p 6870
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/ijerph18136870 doi (DE-627)DOAJ008855838 (DE-599)DOAJcfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rajrupa Ghosh verfasserin aut Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity. phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex Medicine R Mefruz Haque verfasserin aut Paul C. Turner verfasserin aut Raul Cruz-Cano verfasserin aut Cher M. Dallal verfasserin aut In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI AG, 2005 18(2021), 6870, p 6870 (DE-627)477992463 (DE-600)2175195-X 16604601 nnns volume:18 year:2021 number:6870, p 6870 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 18 2021 6870, p 6870
allfieldsGer	10.3390/ijerph18136870 doi (DE-627)DOAJ008855838 (DE-599)DOAJcfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rajrupa Ghosh verfasserin aut Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity. phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex Medicine R Mefruz Haque verfasserin aut Paul C. Turner verfasserin aut Raul Cruz-Cano verfasserin aut Cher M. Dallal verfasserin aut In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI AG, 2005 18(2021), 6870, p 6870 (DE-627)477992463 (DE-600)2175195-X 16604601 nnns volume:18 year:2021 number:6870, p 6870 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 18 2021 6870, p 6870
allfieldsSound	10.3390/ijerph18136870 doi (DE-627)DOAJ008855838 (DE-599)DOAJcfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rajrupa Ghosh verfasserin aut Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity. phthalates metabolic syndrome (MetS) race sex Medicine R Mefruz Haque verfasserin aut Paul C. Turner verfasserin aut Raul Cruz-Cano verfasserin aut Cher M. Dallal verfasserin aut In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health MDPI AG, 2005 18(2021), 6870, p 6870 (DE-627)477992463 (DE-600)2175195-X 16604601 nnns volume:18 year:2021 number:6870, p 6870 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cfb4405e3ddc4709972a38dab12e57ef kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6870 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 18 2021 6870, p 6870
language	English
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title	Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014
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title_sort	racial and sex differences between urinary phthalates and metabolic syndrome among u.s. adults: nhanes 2005–2014
title_auth	Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014
abstract	Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity.
abstractGer	Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity.
abstract_unstemmed	Phthalates, plasticizers ubiquitous in household and personal care products, have been associated with metabolic disturbances. Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). The findings suggest differential associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex and race/ethnicity.
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Despite the noted racial differences in phthalate exposure and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), it remains unclear whether associations between phthalate metabolites and MetS vary by race and sex. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 10,017 adults from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2005–2014). Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolites and MetS using weighted sex and race stratified multivariable logistic regression. Higher MCOP levels were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS among women but not men, and only remained significant among White women (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.29; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.001). Similarly, the inverse association observed with MEHP among women, persisted among White women only (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.003). However, ΣDEHP metabolites were associated with increased odds of MetS only among men, and this finding was limited to White men (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.06). Among Black men, an inverse association was observed with higher MEP levels (POR <sub<Q4 vs. Q1</sub< = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.77; <i<p</i<-trend = 0.01). 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Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014

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