Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves

Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and R...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Koji Yamane [verfasserIn] Takao Oi [verfasserIn] Mitsutaka Taniguchi [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Schlagwörter:	chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Plant Production Science - Taylor & Francis Group, 2004, 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:23 ; year:2020 ; number:2 ; pages:160-171

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ010503560

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520			\|a Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs.
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allfields	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 doi (DE-627)DOAJ010503560 (DE-599)DOAJ943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Koji Yamane verfasserin aut Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs. chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture Takao Oi verfasserin aut Mitsutaka Taniguchi verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 kostenfrei http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2020 2 160-171
spelling	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 doi (DE-627)DOAJ010503560 (DE-599)DOAJ943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Koji Yamane verfasserin aut Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs. chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture Takao Oi verfasserin aut Mitsutaka Taniguchi verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 kostenfrei http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2020 2 160-171
allfields_unstemmed	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 doi (DE-627)DOAJ010503560 (DE-599)DOAJ943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Koji Yamane verfasserin aut Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs. chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture Takao Oi verfasserin aut Mitsutaka Taniguchi verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 kostenfrei http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2020 2 160-171
allfieldsGer	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 doi (DE-627)DOAJ010503560 (DE-599)DOAJ943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Koji Yamane verfasserin aut Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs. chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture Takao Oi verfasserin aut Mitsutaka Taniguchi verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 kostenfrei http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2020 2 160-171
allfieldsSound	10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 doi (DE-627)DOAJ010503560 (DE-599)DOAJ943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Koji Yamane verfasserin aut Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs. chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture Takao Oi verfasserin aut Mitsutaka Taniguchi verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 kostenfrei http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2020 2 160-171
language	English
source	In Plant Production Science 23(2020), 2, Seite 160-171 volume:23 year:2020 number:2 pages:160-171
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topic_facet	chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure Plant culture
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container_title	Plant Production Science
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Koji Yamane @@aut@@ Takao Oi @@aut@@ Mitsutaka Taniguchi @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	S - Agriculture
author	Koji Yamane
spellingShingle	Koji Yamane misc SB1-1110 misc chloroplast protrusion misc polyethylene glycol misc rice misc rubisco containing body misc three dimensional reconstruction misc ultrastructure misc Plant culture Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
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topic_title	SB1-1110 Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves chloroplast protrusion polyethylene glycol rice rubisco containing body three dimensional reconstruction ultrastructure
topic	misc SB1-1110 misc chloroplast protrusion misc polyethylene glycol misc rice misc rubisco containing body misc three dimensional reconstruction misc ultrastructure misc Plant culture
topic_unstemmed	misc SB1-1110 misc chloroplast protrusion misc polyethylene glycol misc rice misc rubisco containing body misc three dimensional reconstruction misc ultrastructure misc Plant culture
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title	Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
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title_full	Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
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title_sort	three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
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title_auth	Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
abstract	Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs.
abstractGer	Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs.
abstract_unstemmed	Chloroplast protrusions (CPs), large stromal areas lacking thylakoid membranes, are present before the formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). RCBs are round bodies found within the cytoplasm and transported to the vacuole via the autophagy pathway. In the present study, we observed CPs and RCBs in rice mesophyll cells under polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress following 3D reconstruction of transmission electron microscopy images of serial sections. Osmotic stress induced the formation of CPs and RCBs whose features were similar to those observed under salt stress, suggesting that osmotic effect contributes to the formation of CPs and RCBs. The 3D image of CPs revealed that some CPs were formed far from the main chloroplast body, and one of the CP was in physical contact with a mitochondrion and a peroxisome, which were located far from the main chloroplast body. Thus, the CPs may aid the association with mitochondria and peroxisomes far from the main chloroplast body. Additionally, a CP with a connection to the main chloroplast body by a narrow structure was observed three-dimensionally. Since the volume of CPs was similar to that of RCBs, the CP with the narrow structure may be a precursor structure just before the release of an RCB into the cytoplasm. In the present study, the volumes of two CPs among 24 CPs were markedly larger than the volumes of other CPs and RCBs. Thus, the large body of the CP could be an unviable structure that fails to release RCBs.
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title_short	Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves
url	https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 https://doaj.org/article/943bbc33b37b4ffea26ee8989c99f8a8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1709513 https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008
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Three-dimensional analysis of chloroplast protrusion formed under osmotic stress by polyethylene glycol in rice leaves

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