CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING

The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, pheno...
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Autor*in:	Chen Liang [verfasserIn] Huaiyu Zhan [verfasserIn] Bingyun Li [verfasserIn] Shiyu Fu [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2011

Schlagwörter:	Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: BioResources - North Carolina State University, 2018, 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:6 ; year:2011 ; number:2 ; pages:1484-1494

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ010782524

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allfields	(DE-627)DOAJ010782524 (DE-599)DOAJf303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Chen Liang verfasserin aut CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp. Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols Biotechnology Huaiyu Zhan verfasserin aut Bingyun Li verfasserin aut Shiyu Fu verfasserin aut In BioResources North Carolina State University, 2018 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494 (DE-627)513216707 (DE-600)2238238-0 19302126 nnns volume:6 year:2011 number:2 pages:1484-1494 https://doaj.org/article/f303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 kostenfrei http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_2_1484_Liang_ZLF_Charac_Bamboo_SCMP_Extractives/937 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1930-2126 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2011 2 1484-1494
spelling	(DE-627)DOAJ010782524 (DE-599)DOAJf303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Chen Liang verfasserin aut CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp. Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols Biotechnology Huaiyu Zhan verfasserin aut Bingyun Li verfasserin aut Shiyu Fu verfasserin aut In BioResources North Carolina State University, 2018 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494 (DE-627)513216707 (DE-600)2238238-0 19302126 nnns volume:6 year:2011 number:2 pages:1484-1494 https://doaj.org/article/f303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 kostenfrei http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_2_1484_Liang_ZLF_Charac_Bamboo_SCMP_Extractives/937 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1930-2126 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2011 2 1484-1494
allfields_unstemmed	(DE-627)DOAJ010782524 (DE-599)DOAJf303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Chen Liang verfasserin aut CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp. Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols Biotechnology Huaiyu Zhan verfasserin aut Bingyun Li verfasserin aut Shiyu Fu verfasserin aut In BioResources North Carolina State University, 2018 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494 (DE-627)513216707 (DE-600)2238238-0 19302126 nnns volume:6 year:2011 number:2 pages:1484-1494 https://doaj.org/article/f303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 kostenfrei http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_2_1484_Liang_ZLF_Charac_Bamboo_SCMP_Extractives/937 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1930-2126 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2011 2 1484-1494
allfieldsGer	(DE-627)DOAJ010782524 (DE-599)DOAJf303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Chen Liang verfasserin aut CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp. Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols Biotechnology Huaiyu Zhan verfasserin aut Bingyun Li verfasserin aut Shiyu Fu verfasserin aut In BioResources North Carolina State University, 2018 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494 (DE-627)513216707 (DE-600)2238238-0 19302126 nnns volume:6 year:2011 number:2 pages:1484-1494 https://doaj.org/article/f303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 kostenfrei http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_2_1484_Liang_ZLF_Charac_Bamboo_SCMP_Extractives/937 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1930-2126 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2011 2 1484-1494
allfieldsSound	(DE-627)DOAJ010782524 (DE-599)DOAJf303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Chen Liang verfasserin aut CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp. Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols Biotechnology Huaiyu Zhan verfasserin aut Bingyun Li verfasserin aut Shiyu Fu verfasserin aut In BioResources North Carolina State University, 2018 6(2011), 2, Seite 1484-1494 (DE-627)513216707 (DE-600)2238238-0 19302126 nnns volume:6 year:2011 number:2 pages:1484-1494 https://doaj.org/article/f303f26566ee4d24a05a59bb6010e484 kostenfrei http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_06_2_1484_Liang_ZLF_Charac_Bamboo_SCMP_Extractives/937 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1930-2126 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2011 2 1484-1494
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Chen Liang
spellingShingle	Chen Liang misc TP248.13-248.65 misc Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) misc Alkaline extractives misc Hydrogen peroxide bleaching misc Phenols misc Biotechnology CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING
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topic_title	TP248.13-248.65 CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) Alkaline extractives Hydrogen peroxide bleaching Phenols
topic	misc TP248.13-248.65 misc Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) misc Alkaline extractives misc Hydrogen peroxide bleaching misc Phenols misc Biotechnology
topic_unstemmed	misc TP248.13-248.65 misc Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) misc Alkaline extractives misc Hydrogen peroxide bleaching misc Phenols misc Biotechnology
topic_browse	misc TP248.13-248.65 misc Bamboo sulfonated chemimechanical pulps (SCMP) misc Alkaline extractives misc Hydrogen peroxide bleaching misc Phenols misc Biotechnology
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title	CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING
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title_full	CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING
author_sort	Chen Liang
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title_sort	characterization of bamboo scmp alkaline extractives and the effects on peroxide bleaching
callnumber	TP248.13-248.65
title_auth	CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING
abstract	The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp.
abstractGer	The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp.
abstract_unstemmed	The compositions of alkaline extractives in bamboo sulfonated chemi-mechanical pulps (SCMP) were analyzed by UV spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their effects on peroxide bleaching were studied. The extractives were composed of short-chain aliphatic compounds, phenols, and fatty acids, of which phenols were the major components. The amount of extractives was increased with the dosage of NaOH, and correspondingly, the bleachability of the extracted pulp was improved. When 3.5% NaOH was used, the brightness gain was 5.83%ISO, and the post-color (PC) number was decreased by 55.7%. The phenol compounds, which might easily generate conjugated structures, may play an important role in bleachability of bamboo SCMP and brightness stability of pulp.
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title_short	CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING
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CHARACTERIZATION OF BAMBOO SCMP ALKALINE EXTRACTIVES AND THE EFFECTS ON PEROXIDE BLEACHING

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