Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation

The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i&...
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Autor*in:	Romaan Hayat Khattak [verfasserIn] Liwei Teng [verfasserIn] Tahir Mehmood [verfasserIn] Shakeel Ahmad [verfasserIn] Fathul Bari [verfasserIn] Ejaz Ur Rehman [verfasserIn] Zhensheng Liu [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	human-wildlife conflicts economic losses livestock predation crop damage

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Sustainability - MDPI AG, 2009, 13(2021), 19, p 10793
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2021 ; number:19, p 10793

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/su131910793

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ01158274X

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520			\|a The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.
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allfields	10.3390/su131910793 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01158274X (DE-599)DOAJ633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Romaan Hayat Khattak verfasserin aut Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community. human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable energy sources Environmental sciences Liwei Teng verfasserin aut Tahir Mehmood verfasserin aut Shakeel Ahmad verfasserin aut Fathul Bari verfasserin aut Ejaz Ur Rehman verfasserin aut Zhensheng Liu verfasserin aut In Sustainability MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 19, p 10793 (DE-627)610604120 (DE-600)2518383-7 20711050 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:19, p 10793 https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 19, p 10793
spelling	10.3390/su131910793 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01158274X (DE-599)DOAJ633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Romaan Hayat Khattak verfasserin aut Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community. human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable energy sources Environmental sciences Liwei Teng verfasserin aut Tahir Mehmood verfasserin aut Shakeel Ahmad verfasserin aut Fathul Bari verfasserin aut Ejaz Ur Rehman verfasserin aut Zhensheng Liu verfasserin aut In Sustainability MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 19, p 10793 (DE-627)610604120 (DE-600)2518383-7 20711050 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:19, p 10793 https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 19, p 10793
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/su131910793 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01158274X (DE-599)DOAJ633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Romaan Hayat Khattak verfasserin aut Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community. human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable energy sources Environmental sciences Liwei Teng verfasserin aut Tahir Mehmood verfasserin aut Shakeel Ahmad verfasserin aut Fathul Bari verfasserin aut Ejaz Ur Rehman verfasserin aut Zhensheng Liu verfasserin aut In Sustainability MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 19, p 10793 (DE-627)610604120 (DE-600)2518383-7 20711050 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:19, p 10793 https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 19, p 10793
allfieldsGer	10.3390/su131910793 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01158274X (DE-599)DOAJ633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Romaan Hayat Khattak verfasserin aut Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community. human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable energy sources Environmental sciences Liwei Teng verfasserin aut Tahir Mehmood verfasserin aut Shakeel Ahmad verfasserin aut Fathul Bari verfasserin aut Ejaz Ur Rehman verfasserin aut Zhensheng Liu verfasserin aut In Sustainability MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 19, p 10793 (DE-627)610604120 (DE-600)2518383-7 20711050 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:19, p 10793 https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 19, p 10793
allfieldsSound	10.3390/su131910793 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01158274X (DE-599)DOAJ633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Romaan Hayat Khattak verfasserin aut Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community. human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage Environmental effects of industries and plants Renewable energy sources Environmental sciences Liwei Teng verfasserin aut Tahir Mehmood verfasserin aut Shakeel Ahmad verfasserin aut Fathul Bari verfasserin aut Ejaz Ur Rehman verfasserin aut Zhensheng Liu verfasserin aut In Sustainability MDPI AG, 2009 13(2021), 19, p 10793 (DE-627)610604120 (DE-600)2518383-7 20711050 nnns volume:13 year:2021 number:19, p 10793 https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/633191a48f754fe1ab5c603a4190068a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/19/10793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2021 19, p 10793
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Romaan Hayat Khattak
spellingShingle	Romaan Hayat Khattak misc TD194-195 misc TJ807-830 misc GE1-350 misc human-wildlife conflicts misc <i<Canis aureus</i< misc <i<Sus scrofa</i< misc economic losses misc livestock predation misc crop damage misc Environmental effects of industries and plants misc Renewable energy sources misc Environmental sciences Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
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topic_title	TD194-195 TJ807-830 GE1-350 Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation human-wildlife conflicts <i<Canis aureus</i< <i<Sus scrofa</i< economic losses livestock predation crop damage
topic	misc TD194-195 misc TJ807-830 misc GE1-350 misc human-wildlife conflicts misc <i<Canis aureus</i< misc <i<Sus scrofa</i< misc economic losses misc livestock predation misc crop damage misc Environmental effects of industries and plants misc Renewable energy sources misc Environmental sciences
topic_unstemmed	misc TD194-195 misc TJ807-830 misc GE1-350 misc human-wildlife conflicts misc <i<Canis aureus</i< misc <i<Sus scrofa</i< misc economic losses misc livestock predation misc crop damage misc Environmental effects of industries and plants misc Renewable energy sources misc Environmental sciences
topic_browse	misc TD194-195 misc TJ807-830 misc GE1-350 misc human-wildlife conflicts misc <i<Canis aureus</i< misc <i<Sus scrofa</i< misc economic losses misc livestock predation misc crop damage misc Environmental effects of industries and plants misc Renewable energy sources misc Environmental sciences
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title	Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
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title_full	Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
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title_sort	understanding the dynamics of human–wildlife conflicts in north-western pakistan: implications for sustainable conservation
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title_auth	Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
abstract	The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.
abstractGer	The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.
abstract_unstemmed	The high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) hinder long-term conservation successes, especially in developing countries. We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. To reduce HWC in the study area, there should be an incessant and timely coordination between wildlife officials and the local community.
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title_short	Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation
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We investigated HWC by interviewing 498 respondents from 42 villages in Nowshera district, Pakistan. According to respondents, six species—the common leopard (<i<Panthera pardus</i<), grey wolf (<i<Canis lupus</i<), golden jackal (<i<Canis aureus</i<), red fox (<i<Vulpes vulpes</i<), Indian porcupine (<i<Hystrix indica</i<), and wild boar (<i<Sus scrofa</i<)—were involved in livestock predation and crop-raiding. Livestock predation (N = 670) translated into a total annual economic loss of USD 48,490 across the 42 villages, with the highest economic loss of USD 57.1/household/year attributed to the golden jackal. Crop damage by wild boar and porcupine incurred a total annual economic loss of USD 18,000. Results further showed that livestock predation was highly affected by location, prey type, prey age, and herding practices, while cereals and vegetables were preferred crops for wild boar and Indian porcupine. The grey wolf was declared as the most dangerous carnivore, followed by the golden jackal and common leopard. Negative attitude about golden jackal and wild boar prevails among 90% of the respondents of the study area. We strongly assume that the abundance of apex predators can control the economic impacts of meso-carnivores and wild boar on the community’s livelihood. Keeping relatively smaller herds may reduce carnivore attacks and educating the populous and compensation can minimise negative perceptions of HWC. 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Understanding the Dynamics of Human–Wildlife Conflicts in North-Western Pakistan: Implications for Sustainable Conservation

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