DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects
The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Rita Kamar [verfasserIn] Agnès Réjasse [verfasserIn] Isabelle Jéhanno [verfasserIn] Zaynoun Attieh [verfasserIn] Pascal Courtin [verfasserIn] Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier [verfasserIn] Christina Nielsen-Leroux [verfasserIn] Didier Lereclus [verfasserIn] Laure el Chamy [verfasserIn] Mireille Kallassy [verfasserIn] Vincent Sanchis-Borja [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Frontiers in Microbiology - Frontiers Media S.A., 2011, 8(2017) |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:8 ; year:2017 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ012048267 |
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| 520 | |a The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a B. thuringiensis | |
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10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 doi (DE-627)DOAJ012048267 (DE-599)DOAJ567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Rita Kamar verfasserin aut DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. B. thuringiensis dltX antimicrobial peptides virulence D-alanylation insects Microbiology Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Zaynoun Attieh verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Laure el Chamy verfasserin aut Mireille Kallassy verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 8(2017) (DE-627)642889384 (DE-600)2587354-4 1664302X nnns volume:8 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 |
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10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 doi (DE-627)DOAJ012048267 (DE-599)DOAJ567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Rita Kamar verfasserin aut DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. B. thuringiensis dltX antimicrobial peptides virulence D-alanylation insects Microbiology Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Zaynoun Attieh verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Laure el Chamy verfasserin aut Mireille Kallassy verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 8(2017) (DE-627)642889384 (DE-600)2587354-4 1664302X nnns volume:8 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 |
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10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 doi (DE-627)DOAJ012048267 (DE-599)DOAJ567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Rita Kamar verfasserin aut DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. B. thuringiensis dltX antimicrobial peptides virulence D-alanylation insects Microbiology Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Zaynoun Attieh verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Laure el Chamy verfasserin aut Mireille Kallassy verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 8(2017) (DE-627)642889384 (DE-600)2587354-4 1664302X nnns volume:8 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 |
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10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 doi (DE-627)DOAJ012048267 (DE-599)DOAJ567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Rita Kamar verfasserin aut DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. B. thuringiensis dltX antimicrobial peptides virulence D-alanylation insects Microbiology Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Zaynoun Attieh verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Laure el Chamy verfasserin aut Mireille Kallassy verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 8(2017) (DE-627)642889384 (DE-600)2587354-4 1664302X nnns volume:8 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 |
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10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 doi (DE-627)DOAJ012048267 (DE-599)DOAJ567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Rita Kamar verfasserin aut DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. B. thuringiensis dltX antimicrobial peptides virulence D-alanylation insects Microbiology Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Rita Kamar verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Agnès Réjasse verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Isabelle Jéhanno verfasserin aut Zaynoun Attieh verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Pascal Courtin verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Christina Nielsen-Leroux verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Didier Lereclus verfasserin aut Laure el Chamy verfasserin aut Mireille Kallassy verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut Vincent Sanchis-Borja verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Microbiology Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 8(2017) (DE-627)642889384 (DE-600)2587354-4 1664302X nnns volume:8 year:2017 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 |
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DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects |
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DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects |
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Rita Kamar |
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Frontiers in Microbiology |
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Rita Kamar Agnès Réjasse Isabelle Jéhanno Zaynoun Attieh Pascal Courtin Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier Christina Nielsen-Leroux Didier Lereclus Laure el Chamy Mireille Kallassy Vincent Sanchis-Borja |
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dltx of bacillus thuringiensis is essential for d-alanylation of teichoic acids and resistance to antimicrobial response in insects |
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QR1-502 |
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DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects |
| abstract |
The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. |
| abstractGer |
The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D-alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). Addition of D-alanine to TAs reduces the negative charge of the cell envelope thereby preventing cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) from reaching their target of action on the bacterial surface. In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF (dltX) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to establish whether this protein is involved in the D-alanylation process in Bacillus thuringiensis. We, therefore constructed an in frame deletion mutant of dltX, without affecting the expression of the other genes of the operon. The growth characteristics of the dltX mutant and those of the wild type strain were similar under standard in vitro conditions. However, disruption of dltX drastically impaired the resistance of B. thuringiensis to CAMPs and significantly attenuated its virulence in two insect species. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D-alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D-alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. Our findings suggest that DltX is essential for the incorporation of D-alanyl esters into TAs. Therefore, DltX plays a direct role in the resistance to CAMPs, thus contributing to the survival of B. thuringiensis in insects. To our knowledge, this work is the first report examining the involvement of dltX in the D-alanylation of TAs. |
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DltX of Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for D-Alanylation of Teichoic Acids and Resistance to Antimicrobial Response in Insects |
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437 https://doaj.org/article/567acaa346d143cbb0cff9d492abf82b http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01437/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-302X |
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Rita Kamar Agnès Réjasse Isabelle Jéhanno Zaynoun Attieh Pascal Courtin Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier Christina Nielsen-Leroux Didier Lereclus Laure el Chamy Mireille Kallassy Vincent Sanchis-Borja |
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