Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles

This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultravio...
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Autor*in:	S. E. Milan [verfasserIn] M. Lester [verfasserIn] S. W. H. Cowley [verfasserIn] K. Oksavik [verfasserIn] M. Brittnacher [verfasserIn] R. A. Greenwald [verfasserIn] G. Sofko [verfasserIn] J.-P. Villain [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2003

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Annales Geophysicae - Copernicus Publications, 2002, 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:21 ; year:2003 ; pages:1121-1140

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ01471132X

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allfields	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01471132X (DE-599)DOAJ6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC1-999 QC801-809 S. E. Milan verfasserin aut Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles 2003 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics M. Lester verfasserin aut S. W. H. Cowley verfasserin aut K. Oksavik verfasserin aut M. Brittnacher verfasserin aut R. A. Greenwald verfasserin aut G. Sofko verfasserin aut J.-P. Villain verfasserin aut In Annales Geophysicae Copernicus Publications, 2002 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 (DE-627)25338981X (DE-600)1458425-6 14320576 nnns volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae kostenfrei https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2003 1121-1140
spelling	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01471132X (DE-599)DOAJ6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC1-999 QC801-809 S. E. Milan verfasserin aut Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles 2003 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics M. Lester verfasserin aut S. W. H. Cowley verfasserin aut K. Oksavik verfasserin aut M. Brittnacher verfasserin aut R. A. Greenwald verfasserin aut G. Sofko verfasserin aut J.-P. Villain verfasserin aut In Annales Geophysicae Copernicus Publications, 2002 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 (DE-627)25338981X (DE-600)1458425-6 14320576 nnns volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae kostenfrei https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2003 1121-1140
allfields_unstemmed	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01471132X (DE-599)DOAJ6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC1-999 QC801-809 S. E. Milan verfasserin aut Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles 2003 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics M. Lester verfasserin aut S. W. H. Cowley verfasserin aut K. Oksavik verfasserin aut M. Brittnacher verfasserin aut R. A. Greenwald verfasserin aut G. Sofko verfasserin aut J.-P. Villain verfasserin aut In Annales Geophysicae Copernicus Publications, 2002 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 (DE-627)25338981X (DE-600)1458425-6 14320576 nnns volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae kostenfrei https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2003 1121-1140
allfieldsGer	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01471132X (DE-599)DOAJ6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC1-999 QC801-809 S. E. Milan verfasserin aut Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles 2003 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics M. Lester verfasserin aut S. W. H. Cowley verfasserin aut K. Oksavik verfasserin aut M. Brittnacher verfasserin aut R. A. Greenwald verfasserin aut G. Sofko verfasserin aut J.-P. Villain verfasserin aut In Annales Geophysicae Copernicus Publications, 2002 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 (DE-627)25338981X (DE-600)1458425-6 14320576 nnns volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae kostenfrei https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2003 1121-1140
allfieldsSound	10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ01471132X (DE-599)DOAJ6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC1-999 QC801-809 S. E. Milan verfasserin aut Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles 2003 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics M. Lester verfasserin aut S. W. H. Cowley verfasserin aut K. Oksavik verfasserin aut M. Brittnacher verfasserin aut R. A. Greenwald verfasserin aut G. Sofko verfasserin aut J.-P. Villain verfasserin aut In Annales Geophysicae Copernicus Publications, 2002 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 (DE-627)25338981X (DE-600)1458425-6 14320576 nnns volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae kostenfrei https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 21 2003 1121-1140
language	English
source	In Annales Geophysicae 21(2003), Seite 1121-1140 volume:21 year:2003 pages:1121-1140
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topic_facet	Science Q Physics Geophysics. Cosmic physics
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	S. E. Milan @@aut@@ M. Lester @@aut@@ S. W. H. Cowley @@aut@@ K. Oksavik @@aut@@ M. Brittnacher @@aut@@ R. A. Greenwald @@aut@@ G. Sofko @@aut@@ J.-P. Villain @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	S. E. Milan
spellingShingle	S. E. Milan misc QC1-999 misc QC801-809 misc Science misc Q misc Physics misc Geophysics. Cosmic physics Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
authorStr	S. E. Milan
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topic_title	QC1-999 QC801-809 Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
topic	misc QC1-999 misc QC801-809 misc Science misc Q misc Physics misc Geophysics. Cosmic physics
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title	Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
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title_full	Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
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author_browse	S. E. Milan M. Lester S. W. H. Cowley K. Oksavik M. Brittnacher R. A. Greenwald G. Sofko J.-P. Villain
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title_sort	variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
callnumber	QC1-999
title_auth	Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
abstract	This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics)
abstractGer	This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics)
abstract_unstemmed	This study employs observations from several sources to determine the location of the polar cap boundary, or open/closed field line boundary, at all local times, allowing the amount of open flux in the magnetosphere to be quantified. These data sources include global auroral images from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument on board the Polar spacecraft, SuperDARN HF radar measurements of the convection flow, and low altitude particle measurements from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) spacecraft. Changes in the open flux content of the magnetosphere are related to the rate of magnetic reconnection occurring at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail, allowing us to estimate the day- and nightside reconnection voltages during two substorm cycles. Specifically, increases in the polar cap area are found to be consistent with open flux being created when the IMF is oriented southwards and low-latitude magnetopause reconnection is ongoing, and decreases in area correspond to open flux being destroyed at substorm breakup. The polar cap area can continue to decrease for 100 min following the onset of substorm breakup, continuing even after substorm-associated auroral features have died away. An estimate of the dayside reconnection voltage, determined from plasma drift measurements in the ionosphere, indicates that reconnection can take place at all local times along the dayside portion of the polar cap boundary, and hence presumably across the majority of the dayside magnetopause. The observation of ionospheric signatures of bursty reconnection over a wide extent of local times supports this finding.<br<<br<<b<Key words. </b<Ionosphere (plasma convection; polar ionosphere) – Magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics)
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title_short	Variations in the polar cap area during two substorm cycles
url	https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1121-2003 https://doaj.org/article/6cf67895248a45418d28dab45ecee0ae https://www.ann-geophys.net/21/1121/2003/angeo-21-1121-2003.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/0992-7689 https://doaj.org/toc/1432-0576
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author2	M. Lester S. W. H. Cowley K. Oksavik M. Brittnacher R. A. Greenwald G. Sofko J.-P. Villain
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