Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

During its Run 2 (2015–2018), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operated at almost twice higher energy, and provided Pb-Pb collisions with an order of magnitude higher luminosity, than in the previous Run 1. In consequence, the power of the secondary beams emitted from the interaction points by the bo...
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Autor*in:	M. Schaumann [verfasserIn] J. M. Jowett [verfasserIn] C. Bahamonde Castro [verfasserIn] R. Bruce [verfasserIn] A. Lechner [verfasserIn] T. Mertens [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Physical Review Accelerators and Beams - American Physical Society, 2016, 23(2020), 12, p 121003
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:23 ; year:2020 ; number:12, p 121003

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.121003

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ015190773

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spellingShingle	M. Schaumann misc QC770-798 misc Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
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topic_title	QC770-798 Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
topic	misc QC770-798 misc Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity
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title	Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
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title_full	Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
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title_sort	bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the cern large hadron collider
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title_auth	Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
abstract	During its Run 2 (2015–2018), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operated at almost twice higher energy, and provided Pb-Pb collisions with an order of magnitude higher luminosity, than in the previous Run 1. In consequence, the power of the secondary beams emitted from the interaction points by the bound-free pair production (BFPP) process increased by a factor ∼20, while the propensity of the bending magnets to quench increased with the higher magnetic field. This beam power is about 35 times greater than that contained in the luminosity debris from hadronic interactions and is focused on specific locations that fall naturally inside superconducting magnets. The risk of quenching these magnets has long been recognized as severe and there are operational limitations due to the dynamic heat load that must be evacuated by the cryogenic system. High-luminosity operation was nevertheless possible thanks to orbit bumps that were introduced in the dispersion suppressors around the ATLAS and CMS experiments to prevent quenches by displacing and spreading out these beam losses. Further, in 2015, the BFPP beams were manipulated to induce a controlled quench, thus providing the first direct measurement of the steady-state quench level of an LHC dipole magnet. The same experiment demonstrated the need for new collimators that are being installed around the ALICE experiment to intercept the secondary beams in the future. This paper discusses the experience with BFPP at luminosities very close to the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) target, gives results on the risk reduction by orbit bumps and presents a detailed analysis of the controlled quench experiment.
abstractGer	During its Run 2 (2015–2018), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operated at almost twice higher energy, and provided Pb-Pb collisions with an order of magnitude higher luminosity, than in the previous Run 1. In consequence, the power of the secondary beams emitted from the interaction points by the bound-free pair production (BFPP) process increased by a factor ∼20, while the propensity of the bending magnets to quench increased with the higher magnetic field. This beam power is about 35 times greater than that contained in the luminosity debris from hadronic interactions and is focused on specific locations that fall naturally inside superconducting magnets. The risk of quenching these magnets has long been recognized as severe and there are operational limitations due to the dynamic heat load that must be evacuated by the cryogenic system. High-luminosity operation was nevertheless possible thanks to orbit bumps that were introduced in the dispersion suppressors around the ATLAS and CMS experiments to prevent quenches by displacing and spreading out these beam losses. Further, in 2015, the BFPP beams were manipulated to induce a controlled quench, thus providing the first direct measurement of the steady-state quench level of an LHC dipole magnet. The same experiment demonstrated the need for new collimators that are being installed around the ALICE experiment to intercept the secondary beams in the future. This paper discusses the experience with BFPP at luminosities very close to the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) target, gives results on the risk reduction by orbit bumps and presents a detailed analysis of the controlled quench experiment.
abstract_unstemmed	During its Run 2 (2015–2018), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operated at almost twice higher energy, and provided Pb-Pb collisions with an order of magnitude higher luminosity, than in the previous Run 1. In consequence, the power of the secondary beams emitted from the interaction points by the bound-free pair production (BFPP) process increased by a factor ∼20, while the propensity of the bending magnets to quench increased with the higher magnetic field. This beam power is about 35 times greater than that contained in the luminosity debris from hadronic interactions and is focused on specific locations that fall naturally inside superconducting magnets. The risk of quenching these magnets has long been recognized as severe and there are operational limitations due to the dynamic heat load that must be evacuated by the cryogenic system. High-luminosity operation was nevertheless possible thanks to orbit bumps that were introduced in the dispersion suppressors around the ATLAS and CMS experiments to prevent quenches by displacing and spreading out these beam losses. Further, in 2015, the BFPP beams were manipulated to induce a controlled quench, thus providing the first direct measurement of the steady-state quench level of an LHC dipole magnet. The same experiment demonstrated the need for new collimators that are being installed around the ALICE experiment to intercept the secondary beams in the future. This paper discusses the experience with BFPP at luminosities very close to the future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) target, gives results on the risk reduction by orbit bumps and presents a detailed analysis of the controlled quench experiment.
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title_short	Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
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Bound-free pair production from nuclear collisions and the steady-state quench limit of the main dipole magnets of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

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