Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utiliza...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Chao Ma [verfasserIn] Xizheng Liu [verfasserIn] Hui Geng [verfasserIn] Xiaoshu Qu [verfasserIn] Wei Lv [verfasserIn] Yi Ding [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2022 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Fundamental Research - KeAi Communications Co. Ltd., 2021, 2(2022), 4, Seite 611-618 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:2 ; year:2022 ; number:4 ; pages:611-618 |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ015631281 |
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520 | |a Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. | ||
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10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ015631281 (DE-599)DOAJ38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Q1-390 Chao Ma verfasserin aut Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. Lithium metal anode Hierarchical gel electrolyte In-situ polymerization Wide temperature LiGaIn alloy Science (General) Xizheng Liu verfasserin aut Hui Geng verfasserin aut Xiaoshu Qu verfasserin aut Wei Lv verfasserin aut Yi Ding verfasserin aut In Fundamental Research KeAi Communications Co. Ltd., 2021 2(2022), 4, Seite 611-618 (DE-627)1753156513 (DE-600)3059367-0 26673258 nnns volume:2 year:2022 number:4 pages:611-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325821002028 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2667-3258 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2022 4 611-618 |
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10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ015631281 (DE-599)DOAJ38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Q1-390 Chao Ma verfasserin aut Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. Lithium metal anode Hierarchical gel electrolyte In-situ polymerization Wide temperature LiGaIn alloy Science (General) Xizheng Liu verfasserin aut Hui Geng verfasserin aut Xiaoshu Qu verfasserin aut Wei Lv verfasserin aut Yi Ding verfasserin aut In Fundamental Research KeAi Communications Co. Ltd., 2021 2(2022), 4, Seite 611-618 (DE-627)1753156513 (DE-600)3059367-0 26673258 nnns volume:2 year:2022 number:4 pages:611-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325821002028 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2667-3258 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2022 4 611-618 |
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10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ015631281 (DE-599)DOAJ38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Q1-390 Chao Ma verfasserin aut Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. Lithium metal anode Hierarchical gel electrolyte In-situ polymerization Wide temperature LiGaIn alloy Science (General) Xizheng Liu verfasserin aut Hui Geng verfasserin aut Xiaoshu Qu verfasserin aut Wei Lv verfasserin aut Yi Ding verfasserin aut In Fundamental Research KeAi Communications Co. Ltd., 2021 2(2022), 4, Seite 611-618 (DE-627)1753156513 (DE-600)3059367-0 26673258 nnns volume:2 year:2022 number:4 pages:611-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325821002028 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2667-3258 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2022 4 611-618 |
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10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 doi (DE-627)DOAJ015631281 (DE-599)DOAJ38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Q1-390 Chao Ma verfasserin aut Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. Lithium metal anode Hierarchical gel electrolyte In-situ polymerization Wide temperature LiGaIn alloy Science (General) Xizheng Liu verfasserin aut Hui Geng verfasserin aut Xiaoshu Qu verfasserin aut Wei Lv verfasserin aut Yi Ding verfasserin aut In Fundamental Research KeAi Communications Co. Ltd., 2021 2(2022), 4, Seite 611-618 (DE-627)1753156513 (DE-600)3059367-0 26673258 nnns volume:2 year:2022 number:4 pages:611-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.003 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/38e0a62426e749f8918dada267116a1f kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325821002028 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2667-3258 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2022 4 611-618 |
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Chao Ma @@aut@@ Xizheng Liu @@aut@@ Hui Geng @@aut@@ Xiaoshu Qu @@aut@@ Wei Lv @@aut@@ Yi Ding @@aut@@ |
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2022-01-01T00:00:00Z |
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Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure |
abstract |
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. |
abstractGer |
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are well recognized as promising next-generation high energy density batteries, but the uncontrollable Li dendrites growth and the volatilization/gas production of electrolytes, which become extremely worse at low and high temperatures, restrict their practical utilizations. In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. This work shows a hierarchically structured polymerized electrolyte design for advanced Li batteries workable under broad temperatures. |
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Wide-temperature rechargeable Li metal batteries enabled by an in-situ fabricated composite gel electrolyte with a hierarchical structure |
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In this work, a hierarchically structured polymerized gel electrolyte (HGE), which was composed of an inorganic (LixGa86In14 alloy and LiCl salt)/organic (polymerized tetrahydrofuran (THF)) hybrid layer and the bulk polymerized THF electrolyte, was proposed to achieve a steady performance of LMBs over a wide temperature range of -20-55 °C. The HGE fabrication can be completed within assembled cells with a simultaneously occurring replacement-polymerization-alloying reaction, which helps decrease the interfacial resistance and enhance the stability and ion diffusion under both low and high temperatures. The use of THF with low polarity also ensures high ion conductivity under low temperatures. With such HGE, the Li symmetric cells showed low overpotential under 10 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 10 mAh/cm2 over a 1200 h cycling, and the full cell coupled with Li4Ti5O12 demonstrated high capacity retention over 5000 cycles at room temperature. Besides, the symmetric cells showed low overpotentials of 12 mV at 55 °C and 80 mV at -20 °C at 2 mA/cm2 after a 1000 h cycling, and the full cell revealed the high capacity retention of 93.5% at 55 °C and 88.8% at -20 °C after 1500 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA/g. 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