The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due...
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Autor*in:	Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif [verfasserIn] Nur Aizati Athirah Daud [verfasserIn] Abubakar Sha’aban [verfasserIn] Mei Li Ng [verfasserIn] Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader [verfasserIn] Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor [verfasserIn] Baharudin Ibrahim [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 personalized medicine

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Molecules - MDPI AG, 2003, 26(2021), 7, p 1987
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:26 ; year:2021 ; number:7, p 1987

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/molecules26071987

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ016215370

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allfields	10.3390/molecules26071987 doi (DE-627)DOAJ016215370 (DE-599)DOAJ1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD241-441 Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif verfasserin aut The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia. clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine Organic chemistry Nur Aizati Athirah Daud verfasserin aut Abubakar Sha’aban verfasserin aut Mei Li Ng verfasserin aut Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader verfasserin aut Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor verfasserin aut Baharudin Ibrahim verfasserin aut In Molecules MDPI AG, 2003 26(2021), 7, p 1987 (DE-627)311313132 (DE-600)2008644-1 14203049 nnns volume:26 year:2021 number:7, p 1987 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2021 7, p 1987
spelling	10.3390/molecules26071987 doi (DE-627)DOAJ016215370 (DE-599)DOAJ1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD241-441 Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif verfasserin aut The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia. clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine Organic chemistry Nur Aizati Athirah Daud verfasserin aut Abubakar Sha’aban verfasserin aut Mei Li Ng verfasserin aut Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader verfasserin aut Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor verfasserin aut Baharudin Ibrahim verfasserin aut In Molecules MDPI AG, 2003 26(2021), 7, p 1987 (DE-627)311313132 (DE-600)2008644-1 14203049 nnns volume:26 year:2021 number:7, p 1987 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2021 7, p 1987
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/molecules26071987 doi (DE-627)DOAJ016215370 (DE-599)DOAJ1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD241-441 Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif verfasserin aut The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia. clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine Organic chemistry Nur Aizati Athirah Daud verfasserin aut Abubakar Sha’aban verfasserin aut Mei Li Ng verfasserin aut Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader verfasserin aut Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor verfasserin aut Baharudin Ibrahim verfasserin aut In Molecules MDPI AG, 2003 26(2021), 7, p 1987 (DE-627)311313132 (DE-600)2008644-1 14203049 nnns volume:26 year:2021 number:7, p 1987 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2021 7, p 1987
allfieldsGer	10.3390/molecules26071987 doi (DE-627)DOAJ016215370 (DE-599)DOAJ1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD241-441 Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif verfasserin aut The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia. clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine Organic chemistry Nur Aizati Athirah Daud verfasserin aut Abubakar Sha’aban verfasserin aut Mei Li Ng verfasserin aut Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader verfasserin aut Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor verfasserin aut Baharudin Ibrahim verfasserin aut In Molecules MDPI AG, 2003 26(2021), 7, p 1987 (DE-627)311313132 (DE-600)2008644-1 14203049 nnns volume:26 year:2021 number:7, p 1987 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2021 7, p 1987
allfieldsSound	10.3390/molecules26071987 doi (DE-627)DOAJ016215370 (DE-599)DOAJ1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD241-441 Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif verfasserin aut The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia. clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine Organic chemistry Nur Aizati Athirah Daud verfasserin aut Abubakar Sha’aban verfasserin aut Mei Li Ng verfasserin aut Muhamad Ali Sk Abdul Kader verfasserin aut Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor verfasserin aut Baharudin Ibrahim verfasserin aut In Molecules MDPI AG, 2003 26(2021), 7, p 1987 (DE-627)311313132 (DE-600)2008644-1 14203049 nnns volume:26 year:2021 number:7, p 1987 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 26 2021 7, p 1987
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author	Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
spellingShingle	Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif misc QD241-441 misc clopidogrel 2 misc antiplatelet 3 misc clopidogrel resistance 4 misc <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 misc personalized medicine misc Organic chemistry The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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topic_title	QD241-441 The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) clopidogrel 2 antiplatelet 3 clopidogrel resistance 4 <i<CYP2C19</i< polymorphism 5 personalized medicine
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title	The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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title_full	The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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title_auth	The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
abstract	Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia.
abstractGer	Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia.
abstract_unstemmed	Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially <i<CYP2C19 2 / 3 / *17</i<, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2–81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially <i<CYP2C19</i< alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia.
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title_short	The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071987 https://doaj.org/article/1468af7a633c400ca7d0d743dc135d64 https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/7/1987 https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049
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The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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