How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant

<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollinatio...
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Autor*in:	Waelti Marc O [verfasserIn] Page Paul A [verfasserIn] Widmer Alex [verfasserIn] Schiestl Florian P [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2009

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: BMC Evolutionary Biology - BMC, 2003, 9(2009), 1, p 190
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2009 ; number:1, p 190

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ018573401

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allfields	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 doi (DE-627)DOAJ018573401 (DE-599)DOAJ3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH359-425 Waelti Marc O verfasserin aut How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant 2009 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p< Evolution Page Paul A verfasserin aut Widmer Alex verfasserin aut Schiestl Florian P verfasserin aut In BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC, 2003 9(2009), 1, p 190 (DE-627)32664489X (DE-600)2041493-6 14712148 nnns volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2148 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2009 1, p 190
spelling	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 doi (DE-627)DOAJ018573401 (DE-599)DOAJ3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH359-425 Waelti Marc O verfasserin aut How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant 2009 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p< Evolution Page Paul A verfasserin aut Widmer Alex verfasserin aut Schiestl Florian P verfasserin aut In BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC, 2003 9(2009), 1, p 190 (DE-627)32664489X (DE-600)2041493-6 14712148 nnns volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2148 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2009 1, p 190
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 doi (DE-627)DOAJ018573401 (DE-599)DOAJ3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH359-425 Waelti Marc O verfasserin aut How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant 2009 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p< Evolution Page Paul A verfasserin aut Widmer Alex verfasserin aut Schiestl Florian P verfasserin aut In BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC, 2003 9(2009), 1, p 190 (DE-627)32664489X (DE-600)2041493-6 14712148 nnns volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2148 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2009 1, p 190
allfieldsGer	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 doi (DE-627)DOAJ018573401 (DE-599)DOAJ3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH359-425 Waelti Marc O verfasserin aut How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant 2009 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p< Evolution Page Paul A verfasserin aut Widmer Alex verfasserin aut Schiestl Florian P verfasserin aut In BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC, 2003 9(2009), 1, p 190 (DE-627)32664489X (DE-600)2041493-6 14712148 nnns volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2148 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2009 1, p 190
allfieldsSound	10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 doi (DE-627)DOAJ018573401 (DE-599)DOAJ3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH359-425 Waelti Marc O verfasserin aut How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant 2009 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p< Evolution Page Paul A verfasserin aut Widmer Alex verfasserin aut Schiestl Florian P verfasserin aut In BMC Evolutionary Biology BMC, 2003 9(2009), 1, p 190 (DE-627)32664489X (DE-600)2041493-6 14712148 nnns volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3ee214b65f7e40b9a957f0ea95545230 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/190 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2148 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2009 1, p 190
language	English
source	In BMC Evolutionary Biology 9(2009), 1, p 190 volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190
sourceStr	In BMC Evolutionary Biology 9(2009), 1, p 190 volume:9 year:2009 number:1, p 190
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Evolution
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	BMC Evolutionary Biology
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Waelti Marc O @@aut@@ Page Paul A @@aut@@ Widmer Alex @@aut@@ Schiestl Florian P @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2009-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	32664489X
id	DOAJ018573401
language_de	englisch
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Waelti Marc O
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topic_title	QH359-425 How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
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title	How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
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title_full	How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
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author_browse	Waelti Marc O Page Paul A Widmer Alex Schiestl Florian P
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title_sort	how to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
callnumber	QH359-425
title_auth	How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
abstract	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p<
abstractGer	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p<
abstract_unstemmed	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background</p< <p<Sexual selection theory predicts that males are limited in their reproductive success by access to mates, whereas females are more limited by resources. In animal-pollinated plants, attraction of pollinators and successful pollination is crucial for reproductive success. In dioecious plant species, males should thus be selected to increase their attractiveness to pollinators by investing more than females in floral traits that enhance pollinator visitation. We tested the prediction of higher attractiveness of male flowers in the dioecious, moth-pollinated herb <it<Silene latifolia</it<, by investigating floral signals (floral display and fragrance) and conducting behavioral experiments with the pollinator-moth, <it<Hadena bicruris</it<.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<As found in previous studies, male plants produced more but smaller flowers. Male flowers, however, emitted significantly larger amounts of scent than female flowers, especially of the pollinator-attracting compounds. In behavioral tests we showed that naïve pollinator-moths preferred male over female flowers, but this preference was only significant for male moths.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<Our data suggest the evolution of dimorphic floral signals is shaped by sexual selection and pollinator preferences, causing sexual conflict in both plants and pollinators.</p<
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title_short	How to be an attractive male: floral dimorphism and attractiveness to pollinators in a dioecious plant
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