Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake

YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relat...
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Autor*in:	Zining Yu [verfasserIn] Kaiguang Zhu [verfasserIn] Katsumi Hattori [verfasserIn] Chengquan Chi [verfasserIn] Mengxuan Fan [verfasserIn] Xiaodan He [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	State-space model Kalman filter ApNe short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: IEEE Access - IEEE, 2014, 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2021 ; pages:12167-12179

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ020075006

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allfields	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 doi (DE-627)DOAJ020075006 (DE-599)DOAJ0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Zining Yu verfasserin aut Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake. State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Kaiguang Zhu verfasserin aut Katsumi Hattori verfasserin aut Chengquan Chi verfasserin aut Mengxuan Fan verfasserin aut Xiaodan He verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:9 year:2021 pages:12167-12179 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2021 12167-12179
spelling	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 doi (DE-627)DOAJ020075006 (DE-599)DOAJ0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Zining Yu verfasserin aut Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake. State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Kaiguang Zhu verfasserin aut Katsumi Hattori verfasserin aut Chengquan Chi verfasserin aut Mengxuan Fan verfasserin aut Xiaodan He verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:9 year:2021 pages:12167-12179 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2021 12167-12179
allfields_unstemmed	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 doi (DE-627)DOAJ020075006 (DE-599)DOAJ0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Zining Yu verfasserin aut Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake. State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Kaiguang Zhu verfasserin aut Katsumi Hattori verfasserin aut Chengquan Chi verfasserin aut Mengxuan Fan verfasserin aut Xiaodan He verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:9 year:2021 pages:12167-12179 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2021 12167-12179
allfieldsGer	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 doi (DE-627)DOAJ020075006 (DE-599)DOAJ0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Zining Yu verfasserin aut Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake. State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Kaiguang Zhu verfasserin aut Katsumi Hattori verfasserin aut Chengquan Chi verfasserin aut Mengxuan Fan verfasserin aut Xiaodan He verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:9 year:2021 pages:12167-12179 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2021 12167-12179
allfieldsSound	10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 doi (DE-627)DOAJ020075006 (DE-599)DOAJ0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Zining Yu verfasserin aut Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake. State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Kaiguang Zhu verfasserin aut Katsumi Hattori verfasserin aut Chengquan Chi verfasserin aut Mengxuan Fan verfasserin aut Xiaodan He verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 9(2021), Seite 12167-12179 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:9 year:2021 pages:12167-12179 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2021 12167-12179
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Zining Yu
spellingShingle	Zining Yu misc TK1-9971 misc State-space model misc Kalman filter misc ApNe misc <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values misc short-term strain anomalies misc Lushan earthquake misc Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake
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topic_title	TK1-9971 Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake State-space model Kalman filter ApNe <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values short-term strain anomalies Lushan earthquake
topic	misc TK1-9971 misc State-space model misc Kalman filter misc ApNe misc <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values misc short-term strain anomalies misc Lushan earthquake misc Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
topic_unstemmed	misc TK1-9971 misc State-space model misc Kalman filter misc ApNe misc <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values misc short-term strain anomalies misc Lushan earthquake misc Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
topic_browse	misc TK1-9971 misc State-space model misc Kalman filter misc ApNe misc <italic xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"<b</italic< values misc short-term strain anomalies misc Lushan earthquake misc Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
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title	Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake
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title_full	Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake
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title_sort	borehole strain observations based on a state-space model and apne analysis associated with the 2013 lushan earthquake
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title_auth	Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake
abstract	YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake.
abstractGer	YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake.
abstract_unstemmed	YRY-4 borehole strainmeters have been installed in Sichuan Province, China, since 2008, aimed at monitoring the crustal activities associated with earthquakes. In this study, data from six YRY-4 strainmeters at the southwestern endpoint of the Longmenshan fault zone were analysed, to study the relationship of tectonic strain changes with the 2013 Lushan earthquake. We developed a state-space model to remove the strain response due to air pressure, solid tides and the changes in the water level to preferentially isolate non-tectonic disturbances. Strain responses to each influencing factor were estimated using the environmental coefficients computed in the state-space model by an adaptive Kalman filter with measurement noise. The results were consistent with the expected response of the strainmeter systems. The corrected strain considered to originate from underground tectonics provides new insights into the changes in the pre-earthquake strain. Approximate negentropy (ApNe) and ${b}$ value were introduced to quantify the probability distribution of the corrected borehole strain and compared with the local seismic activities. The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. Our results indicate that the corrected strain may contain seismogenic information and reflect the accelerated strain accumulation of focal areas before the earthquake.
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title_short	Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake
url	https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3051614 https://doaj.org/article/0f768da9118f44d09578678cf832f1f5 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9323031/ https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536
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The nearest station and two further stations, almost simultaneously recorded short-term ApNe anomalies six to four months before the earthquake. The anomalous region also had a correspondingly low ${b}$ value. Moreover, the anomaly acceleration rates of each station were dependent on the epicentral distances. Further comparison with the strain of random periods illustrated the significance of the extracted anomalies. 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Borehole Strain Observations Based on a State-Space Model and ApNe Analysis Associated With the 2013 Lushan Earthquake

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