Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia

<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those at...
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Autor*in:	Adegbola Richard A [verfasserIn] Otu Jacob [verfasserIn] Donkor Simon A [verfasserIn] Jackson-Sillah Dolly [verfasserIn] Hill Philip C [verfasserIn] Lienhardt Christian [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2006

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: BMC Public Health - BMC, 2003, 6(2006), 1, p 156
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:6 ; year:2006 ; number:1, p 156

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ022594426

Internformat


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allfields	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 doi (DE-627)DOAJ022594426 (DE-599)DOAJ3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Adegbola Richard A verfasserin aut Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p< Public aspects of medicine Otu Jacob verfasserin aut Donkor Simon A verfasserin aut Jackson-Sillah Dolly verfasserin aut Hill Philip C verfasserin aut Lienhardt Christian verfasserin aut In BMC Public Health BMC, 2003 6(2006), 1, p 156 (DE-627)326643583 (DE-600)2041338-5 14712458 nnns volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2006 1, p 156
spelling	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 doi (DE-627)DOAJ022594426 (DE-599)DOAJ3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Adegbola Richard A verfasserin aut Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p< Public aspects of medicine Otu Jacob verfasserin aut Donkor Simon A verfasserin aut Jackson-Sillah Dolly verfasserin aut Hill Philip C verfasserin aut Lienhardt Christian verfasserin aut In BMC Public Health BMC, 2003 6(2006), 1, p 156 (DE-627)326643583 (DE-600)2041338-5 14712458 nnns volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2006 1, p 156
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 doi (DE-627)DOAJ022594426 (DE-599)DOAJ3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Adegbola Richard A verfasserin aut Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p< Public aspects of medicine Otu Jacob verfasserin aut Donkor Simon A verfasserin aut Jackson-Sillah Dolly verfasserin aut Hill Philip C verfasserin aut Lienhardt Christian verfasserin aut In BMC Public Health BMC, 2003 6(2006), 1, p 156 (DE-627)326643583 (DE-600)2041338-5 14712458 nnns volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2006 1, p 156
allfieldsGer	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 doi (DE-627)DOAJ022594426 (DE-599)DOAJ3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Adegbola Richard A verfasserin aut Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p< Public aspects of medicine Otu Jacob verfasserin aut Donkor Simon A verfasserin aut Jackson-Sillah Dolly verfasserin aut Hill Philip C verfasserin aut Lienhardt Christian verfasserin aut In BMC Public Health BMC, 2003 6(2006), 1, p 156 (DE-627)326643583 (DE-600)2041338-5 14712458 nnns volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2006 1, p 156
allfieldsSound	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 doi (DE-627)DOAJ022594426 (DE-599)DOAJ3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Adegbola Richard A verfasserin aut Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p< Public aspects of medicine Otu Jacob verfasserin aut Donkor Simon A verfasserin aut Jackson-Sillah Dolly verfasserin aut Hill Philip C verfasserin aut Lienhardt Christian verfasserin aut In BMC Public Health BMC, 2003 6(2006), 1, p 156 (DE-627)326643583 (DE-600)2041338-5 14712458 nnns volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3b014143c25e4dcd96f7a2d7a69a0294 kostenfrei http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/156 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2458 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2006 1, p 156
language	English
source	In BMC Public Health 6(2006), 1, p 156 volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156
sourceStr	In BMC Public Health 6(2006), 1, p 156 volume:6 year:2006 number:1, p 156
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container_title	BMC Public Health
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Adegbola Richard A @@aut@@ Otu Jacob @@aut@@ Donkor Simon A @@aut@@ Jackson-Sillah Dolly @@aut@@ Hill Philip C @@aut@@ Lienhardt Christian @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2006-01-01T00:00:00Z
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author	Adegbola Richard A
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topic_title	RA1-1270 Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia
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title	Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia
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title_full	Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia
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author_browse	Adegbola Richard A Otu Jacob Donkor Simon A Jackson-Sillah Dolly Hill Philip C Lienhardt Christian
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doi_str_mv	10.1186/1471-2458-6-156
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title_sort	risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in the gambia
callnumber	RA1-1270
title_auth	Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia
abstract	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p<
abstractGer	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p<
abstract_unstemmed	<p<Abstract</p< <p<Background </p< <p<The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa is on the rise, even in low-HIV prevalence settings. Few studies have attempted to identify possible reasons for this. We aimed to identify risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in those attending a general outpatients clinic in The Gambia, a sub-Saharan African country with relatively low HIV prevalence in the community and in TB patients.</p< <p<Methods</p< <p<We conducted a case control study at the Medical Research Council Outpatients' clinic in The Gambia. Pulmonary TB cases were at least 15 years old, controls were age and sex matched clinic attendees. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire.</p< <p<Results</p< <p<100 sputum smear positive TB cases and 200 clinic controls were recruited. HIV prevalence was 6.1% in cases and 3.3% in controls. Multivariable assessment of host factors showed that risk of TB was increased among the Jola ethnic group and smokers, and decreased in those in a professional occupation. Assessment of environmental factors showed an increased risk with household crowding, history of household exposure to a known TB case, and absence of a ceiling in the house. In a combined multivariable host-environment model, the risk of TB increased with crowding, exposure to a known TB case, as well as amongst the Jola ethnic group.</p< <p<Conclusion</p< <p<In The Gambia, household crowding and past household exposure to a known TB case are the standout risk factors for TB disease. Further research is needed to identify why risk of TB seems to differ according to ethnicity.</p<
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title_short	Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia
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Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia

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