Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development

Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized ani...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Erick Bermúdez-Méndez [verfasserIn] Albert Fuglsang-Madsen [verfasserIn] Sofie Føns [verfasserIn] Bruno Lomonte [verfasserIn] José María Gutiérrez [verfasserIn] Andreas Hougaard Laustsen [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Toxins - MDPI AG, 2010, 10(2018), 11, p 452
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:10 ; year:2018 ; number:11, p 452

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/toxins10110452

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ023918284

Internformat


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520			\|a Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
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allfields	10.3390/toxins10110452 doi (DE-627)DOAJ023918284 (DE-599)DOAJ8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Erick Bermúdez-Méndez verfasserin aut Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R Albert Fuglsang-Madsen verfasserin aut Sofie Føns verfasserin aut Bruno Lomonte verfasserin aut José María Gutiérrez verfasserin aut Andreas Hougaard Laustsen verfasserin aut In Toxins MDPI AG, 2010 10(2018), 11, p 452 (DE-627)610604236 (DE-600)2518395-3 20726651 nnns volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2018 11, p 452
spelling	10.3390/toxins10110452 doi (DE-627)DOAJ023918284 (DE-599)DOAJ8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Erick Bermúdez-Méndez verfasserin aut Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R Albert Fuglsang-Madsen verfasserin aut Sofie Føns verfasserin aut Bruno Lomonte verfasserin aut José María Gutiérrez verfasserin aut Andreas Hougaard Laustsen verfasserin aut In Toxins MDPI AG, 2010 10(2018), 11, p 452 (DE-627)610604236 (DE-600)2518395-3 20726651 nnns volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2018 11, p 452
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/toxins10110452 doi (DE-627)DOAJ023918284 (DE-599)DOAJ8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Erick Bermúdez-Méndez verfasserin aut Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R Albert Fuglsang-Madsen verfasserin aut Sofie Føns verfasserin aut Bruno Lomonte verfasserin aut José María Gutiérrez verfasserin aut Andreas Hougaard Laustsen verfasserin aut In Toxins MDPI AG, 2010 10(2018), 11, p 452 (DE-627)610604236 (DE-600)2518395-3 20726651 nnns volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2018 11, p 452
allfieldsGer	10.3390/toxins10110452 doi (DE-627)DOAJ023918284 (DE-599)DOAJ8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Erick Bermúdez-Méndez verfasserin aut Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R Albert Fuglsang-Madsen verfasserin aut Sofie Føns verfasserin aut Bruno Lomonte verfasserin aut José María Gutiérrez verfasserin aut Andreas Hougaard Laustsen verfasserin aut In Toxins MDPI AG, 2010 10(2018), 11, p 452 (DE-627)610604236 (DE-600)2518395-3 20726651 nnns volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2018 11, p 452
allfieldsSound	10.3390/toxins10110452 doi (DE-627)DOAJ023918284 (DE-599)DOAJ8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Erick Bermúdez-Méndez verfasserin aut Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R Albert Fuglsang-Madsen verfasserin aut Sofie Føns verfasserin aut Bruno Lomonte verfasserin aut José María Gutiérrez verfasserin aut Andreas Hougaard Laustsen verfasserin aut In Toxins MDPI AG, 2010 10(2018), 11, p 452 (DE-627)610604236 (DE-600)2518395-3 20726651 nnns volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2018 11, p 452
language	English
source	In Toxins 10(2018), 11, p 452 volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452
sourceStr	In Toxins 10(2018), 11, p 452 volume:10 year:2018 number:11, p 452
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topic_facet	animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming Medicine R
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Erick Bermúdez-Méndez @@aut@@ Albert Fuglsang-Madsen @@aut@@ Sofie Føns @@aut@@ Bruno Lomonte @@aut@@ José María Gutiérrez @@aut@@ Andreas Hougaard Laustsen @@aut@@
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author	Erick Bermúdez-Méndez
spellingShingle	Erick Bermúdez-Méndez misc animal envenoming misc antivenom development misc immunization misc synthetic epitope misc recombinant toxin misc DNA immunization misc neutralization misc omics technologies misc bioinformatics misc high-density peptide microarray technology misc snakebite envenoming misc scorpion envenoming misc spider envenoming misc Medicine misc R Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development
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topic_title	Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development animal envenoming antivenom development immunization synthetic epitope recombinant toxin DNA immunization neutralization omics technologies bioinformatics high-density peptide microarray technology snakebite envenoming scorpion envenoming spider envenoming
topic	misc animal envenoming misc antivenom development misc immunization misc synthetic epitope misc recombinant toxin misc DNA immunization misc neutralization misc omics technologies misc bioinformatics misc high-density peptide microarray technology misc snakebite envenoming misc scorpion envenoming misc spider envenoming misc Medicine misc R
topic_unstemmed	misc animal envenoming misc antivenom development misc immunization misc synthetic epitope misc recombinant toxin misc DNA immunization misc neutralization misc omics technologies misc bioinformatics misc high-density peptide microarray technology misc snakebite envenoming misc scorpion envenoming misc spider envenoming misc Medicine misc R
topic_browse	misc animal envenoming misc antivenom development misc immunization misc synthetic epitope misc recombinant toxin misc DNA immunization misc neutralization misc omics technologies misc bioinformatics misc high-density peptide microarray technology misc snakebite envenoming misc scorpion envenoming misc spider envenoming misc Medicine misc R
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title	Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development
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title_sort	innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development
title_auth	Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development
abstract	Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
abstractGer	Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
abstract_unstemmed	Snakes, scorpions, and spiders are venomous animals that pose a threat to human health, and severe envenomings from the bites or stings of these animals must be treated with antivenom. Current antivenoms are based on plasma-derived immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments from hyper-immunized animals. Although these medicines have been life-saving for more than 120 years, opportunities to improve envenoming therapy exist. In the later decades, new biotechnological tools have been applied with the aim of improving the efficacy, safety, and affordability of antivenoms. Within the avenues explored, novel immunization strategies using synthetic peptide epitopes, recombinant toxins (or toxoids), or DNA strings as immunogens have demonstrated potential for generating antivenoms with high therapeutic antibody titers and broad neutralizing capacity. Furthermore, these approaches circumvent the need for venom in the production process of antivenoms, thereby limiting some of the complications associated with animal captivity and venom collection. Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. In addition, a brief description of toxin families of medical relevance found in snake, scorpion, and spider venoms is presented, as well as how biochemical, bioinformatic, and omics tools could aid the development of next-generation antivenoms.
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container_issue	11, p 452
title_short	Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110452 https://doaj.org/article/8ad3ab1b04d644e48406b4d83b43c9eb https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/11/452 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651
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author2	Albert Fuglsang-Madsen Sofie Føns Bruno Lomonte José María Gutiérrez Andreas Hougaard Laustsen
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up_date	2024-07-03T20:11:39.361Z
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Finally, an important benefit of innovative immunization approaches is that they are often compatible with existing antivenom manufacturing setups. In this review, we compile all reported studies examining venom-independent innovative immunization strategies for antivenom development. 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Innovative Immunization Strategies for Antivenom Development

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