Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria

Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Olaolu T. Olufemi [verfasserIn] Emmanuel R. Edeh [verfasserIn] Mustapha S. Isyaku [verfasserIn] Mustapha Haliru [verfasserIn] Shafiu Samaila [verfasserIn] Philip W. Mshelia [verfasserIn] Olajide A. Owolodun [verfasserIn] J. Richard Newton [verfasserIn] Janet M. Daly [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Pathogens - MDPI AG, 2012, 11(2022), 11, p 1372
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2022 ; number:11, p 1372

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/pathogens11111372

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ025766198

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allfields	10.3390/pathogens11111372 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025766198 (DE-599)DOAJ649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Olaolu T. Olufemi verfasserin aut Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R Emmanuel R. Edeh verfasserin aut Mustapha S. Isyaku verfasserin aut Mustapha Haliru verfasserin aut Shafiu Samaila verfasserin aut Philip W. Mshelia verfasserin aut Olajide A. Owolodun verfasserin aut J. Richard Newton verfasserin aut Janet M. Daly verfasserin aut In Pathogens MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1372 (DE-627)732627885 (DE-600)2695572-6 20760817 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372 https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1372
spelling	10.3390/pathogens11111372 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025766198 (DE-599)DOAJ649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Olaolu T. Olufemi verfasserin aut Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R Emmanuel R. Edeh verfasserin aut Mustapha S. Isyaku verfasserin aut Mustapha Haliru verfasserin aut Shafiu Samaila verfasserin aut Philip W. Mshelia verfasserin aut Olajide A. Owolodun verfasserin aut J. Richard Newton verfasserin aut Janet M. Daly verfasserin aut In Pathogens MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1372 (DE-627)732627885 (DE-600)2695572-6 20760817 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372 https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1372
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/pathogens11111372 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025766198 (DE-599)DOAJ649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Olaolu T. Olufemi verfasserin aut Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R Emmanuel R. Edeh verfasserin aut Mustapha S. Isyaku verfasserin aut Mustapha Haliru verfasserin aut Shafiu Samaila verfasserin aut Philip W. Mshelia verfasserin aut Olajide A. Owolodun verfasserin aut J. Richard Newton verfasserin aut Janet M. Daly verfasserin aut In Pathogens MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1372 (DE-627)732627885 (DE-600)2695572-6 20760817 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372 https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1372
allfieldsGer	10.3390/pathogens11111372 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025766198 (DE-599)DOAJ649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Olaolu T. Olufemi verfasserin aut Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R Emmanuel R. Edeh verfasserin aut Mustapha S. Isyaku verfasserin aut Mustapha Haliru verfasserin aut Shafiu Samaila verfasserin aut Philip W. Mshelia verfasserin aut Olajide A. Owolodun verfasserin aut J. Richard Newton verfasserin aut Janet M. Daly verfasserin aut In Pathogens MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1372 (DE-627)732627885 (DE-600)2695572-6 20760817 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372 https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1372
allfieldsSound	10.3390/pathogens11111372 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025766198 (DE-599)DOAJ649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Olaolu T. Olufemi verfasserin aut Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria. equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R Emmanuel R. Edeh verfasserin aut Mustapha S. Isyaku verfasserin aut Mustapha Haliru verfasserin aut Shafiu Samaila verfasserin aut Philip W. Mshelia verfasserin aut Olajide A. Owolodun verfasserin aut J. Richard Newton verfasserin aut Janet M. Daly verfasserin aut In Pathogens MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1372 (DE-627)732627885 (DE-600)2695572-6 20760817 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372 https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1372
language	English
source	In Pathogens 11(2022), 11, p 1372 volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372
sourceStr	In Pathogens 11(2022), 11, p 1372 volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1372
format_phy_str_mv	Article
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topic_facet	equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria Medicine R
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container_title	Pathogens
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Olaolu T. Olufemi @@aut@@ Emmanuel R. Edeh @@aut@@ Mustapha S. Isyaku @@aut@@ Mustapha Haliru @@aut@@ Shafiu Samaila @@aut@@ Philip W. Mshelia @@aut@@ Olajide A. Owolodun @@aut@@ J. Richard Newton @@aut@@ Janet M. Daly @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
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id	DOAJ025766198
language_de	englisch
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author	Olaolu T. Olufemi
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topic_title	Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria equine influenza seroprevalence Nigeria
topic	misc equine influenza misc seroprevalence misc Nigeria misc Medicine misc R
topic_unstemmed	misc equine influenza misc seroprevalence misc Nigeria misc Medicine misc R
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title	Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria
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title_full	Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria
author_sort	Olaolu T. Olufemi
journal	Pathogens
journalStr	Pathogens
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author_browse	Olaolu T. Olufemi Emmanuel R. Edeh Mustapha S. Isyaku Mustapha Haliru Shafiu Samaila Philip W. Mshelia Olajide A. Owolodun J. Richard Newton Janet M. Daly
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author-letter	Olaolu T. Olufemi
doi_str_mv	10.3390/pathogens11111372
author2-role	verfasserin
title_sort	seroprevalence of equine influenza and its associated risk factors in northwest nigeria
title_auth	Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria
abstract	Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria.
abstractGer	Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria.
abstract_unstemmed	Equine influenza (EI) is a fast-spreading respiratory disease of equids caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV), often resulting in high morbidity and a huge economic impact on the equine industry globally. In this cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of EI and its associated risk factors, sera from 830 horses bled on a single occasion in Northwest Nigeria between October 2019 and January 2020 were screened for antibodies to A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8) using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. Antibodies were detected in 71.3% (592/830, 95% CI: 68–74%) of horses (SRH area ≥ 0.5 mm<sup<2</sup<). Although there were statistically significant univariable associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, purpose and coat colour, only age remained significant when included with each of the other variables in bivariable analyses. There was a clear trend for increasing odds of seropositivity with increasing age: OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.05–2.40 (<i<p</i< = 0.03) for 5–14-year-olds and OR 8.13, 95% CI: 2.75–24.1 (<i<p</i< < 0.001) for ≥15-year-olds compared to horses <5 years old. The mean SRH value was 78.2 mm<sup<2</sup< (median = 88 mm<sup<2</sup<, interquartile range = 0–121 mm<sup<2</sup<) with only 9% of the horses having an SRH value < 150 mm<sup<2</sup<, considered sufficient to protect against clinical disease and virus shedding. Comparative screening of a subset of the horses (n = 118) with a 2019 H3N8 virus (A/equine/Worcestershire/2019) revealed a significantly greater seropositivity (<i<p</i< = 0.0001) than A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 consistent with exposure of the population during a widespread outbreak of EI in the region in 2019. In conclusion, there was an insufficient level of protection against EI in the region and introduction of a vaccination programme with vaccines containing recently circulating virus is recommended to mitigate against further outbreaks of EI in Nigeria.
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title_short	Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northwest Nigeria
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111372 https://doaj.org/article/649083e6985446e68a55ae8a6f6e00d8 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/11/1372 https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817
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author2	Emmanuel R. Edeh Mustapha S. Isyaku Mustapha Haliru Shafiu Samaila Philip W. Mshelia Olajide A. Owolodun J. Richard Newton Janet M. Daly
author2Str	Emmanuel R. Edeh Mustapha S. Isyaku Mustapha Haliru Shafiu Samaila Philip W. Mshelia Olajide A. Owolodun J. Richard Newton Janet M. Daly
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up_date	2024-07-03T16:58:50.591Z
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