Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera Aplidium and Synoicum: Variability and Defensive Role

Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera Aplidium and Synoicum to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species A. falklandicum, A. fuegiense, A. meridianum, A. millari and S. adareanum were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish Odontaster validus, and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Conxita Avila [verfasserIn] Margherita Gavagnin [verfasserIn] María Mercedes Varela [verfasserIn] Jaime Rodríguez [verfasserIn] Rosa María Nieto [verfasserIn] Jennifer Vázquez [verfasserIn] Marianna Carbone [verfasserIn] Laura Núñez-Pons [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2012

Schlagwörter:	Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Marine Drugs - MDPI AG, 2005, 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:10 ; year:2012 ; number:8 ; pages:1741-1764

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/md10081741

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ025962264

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allfields	10.3390/md10081741 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025962264 (DE-599)DOAJ6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Conxita Avila verfasserin aut Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role 2012 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General) Margherita Gavagnin verfasserin aut María Mercedes Varela verfasserin aut Jaime Rodríguez verfasserin aut Rosa María Nieto verfasserin aut Jennifer Vázquez verfasserin aut Marianna Carbone verfasserin aut Laura Núñez-Pons verfasserin aut In Marine Drugs MDPI AG, 2005 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 (DE-627)477992420 (DE-600)2175190-0 16603397 nnns volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764 https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2012 8 1741-1764
spelling	10.3390/md10081741 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025962264 (DE-599)DOAJ6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Conxita Avila verfasserin aut Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role 2012 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General) Margherita Gavagnin verfasserin aut María Mercedes Varela verfasserin aut Jaime Rodríguez verfasserin aut Rosa María Nieto verfasserin aut Jennifer Vázquez verfasserin aut Marianna Carbone verfasserin aut Laura Núñez-Pons verfasserin aut In Marine Drugs MDPI AG, 2005 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 (DE-627)477992420 (DE-600)2175190-0 16603397 nnns volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764 https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2012 8 1741-1764
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/md10081741 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025962264 (DE-599)DOAJ6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Conxita Avila verfasserin aut Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role 2012 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General) Margherita Gavagnin verfasserin aut María Mercedes Varela verfasserin aut Jaime Rodríguez verfasserin aut Rosa María Nieto verfasserin aut Jennifer Vázquez verfasserin aut Marianna Carbone verfasserin aut Laura Núñez-Pons verfasserin aut In Marine Drugs MDPI AG, 2005 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 (DE-627)477992420 (DE-600)2175190-0 16603397 nnns volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764 https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2012 8 1741-1764
allfieldsGer	10.3390/md10081741 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025962264 (DE-599)DOAJ6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Conxita Avila verfasserin aut Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role 2012 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General) Margherita Gavagnin verfasserin aut María Mercedes Varela verfasserin aut Jaime Rodríguez verfasserin aut Rosa María Nieto verfasserin aut Jennifer Vázquez verfasserin aut Marianna Carbone verfasserin aut Laura Núñez-Pons verfasserin aut In Marine Drugs MDPI AG, 2005 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 (DE-627)477992420 (DE-600)2175190-0 16603397 nnns volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764 https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2012 8 1741-1764
allfieldsSound	10.3390/md10081741 doi (DE-627)DOAJ025962264 (DE-599)DOAJ6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Conxita Avila verfasserin aut Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role 2012 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed. Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General) Margherita Gavagnin verfasserin aut María Mercedes Varela verfasserin aut Jaime Rodríguez verfasserin aut Rosa María Nieto verfasserin aut Jennifer Vázquez verfasserin aut Marianna Carbone verfasserin aut Laura Núñez-Pons verfasserin aut In Marine Drugs MDPI AG, 2005 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 (DE-627)477992420 (DE-600)2175190-0 16603397 nnns volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764 https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2012 8 1741-1764
language	English
source	In Marine Drugs 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764
sourceStr	In Marine Drugs 10(2012), 8, Seite 1741-1764 volume:10 year:2012 number:8 pages:1741-1764
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> antibacterial activity Biology (General)
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Marine Drugs
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Conxita Avila @@aut@@ Margherita Gavagnin @@aut@@ María Mercedes Varela @@aut@@ Jaime Rodríguez @@aut@@ Rosa María Nieto @@aut@@ Jennifer Vázquez @@aut@@ Marianna Carbone @@aut@@ Laura Núñez-Pons @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	477992420
id	DOAJ025962264
language_de	englisch
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Conxita Avila
spellingShingle	Conxita Avila misc QH301-705.5 misc Antarctic colonial tunicates misc deterrent activity misc sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> misc amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> misc antibacterial activity misc Biology (General) Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role
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topic_title	QH301-705.5 Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role Antarctic colonial tunicates deterrent activity sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em&gt amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em&gt antibacterial activity
topic	misc QH301-705.5 misc Antarctic colonial tunicates misc deterrent activity misc sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> misc amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> misc antibacterial activity misc Biology (General)
topic_unstemmed	misc QH301-705.5 misc Antarctic colonial tunicates misc deterrent activity misc sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> misc amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> misc antibacterial activity misc Biology (General)
topic_browse	misc QH301-705.5 misc Antarctic colonial tunicates misc deterrent activity misc sea star <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em> misc amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em> misc antibacterial activity misc Biology (General)
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title	Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role
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title_full	Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role
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author_browse	Conxita Avila Margherita Gavagnin María Mercedes Varela Jaime Rodríguez Rosa María Nieto Jennifer Vázquez Marianna Carbone Laura Núñez-Pons
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title_sort	natural products from antarctic colonial ascidians of the genera <em>aplidium</em> and <em>synoicum</em>: variability and defensive role
callnumber	QH301-705.5
title_auth	Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role
abstract	Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.
abstractGer	Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.
abstract_unstemmed	Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em> to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species <em>A.</em> <em>falklandicum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>fuegiense</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>meridianum</em>, <em>A.</em> <em>millari</em> and <em>S.</em> <em>adareanum</em> were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish <em>Odontaster</em> <em>validus</em>, and the amphipod <em>Cheirimedon</em> <em>femoratus</em>. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.
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title_short	Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/md10081741 https://doaj.org/article/6d36f4183cfd4a249a371131ebe29cd0 http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/8/1741 https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397
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author2	Margherita Gavagnin María Mercedes Varela Jaime Rodríguez Rosa María Nieto Jennifer Vázquez Marianna Carbone Laura Núñez-Pons
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Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera &lt;em&gt;Aplidium&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Synoicum&lt;/em&gt;: Variability and Defensive Role

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Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera <em>Aplidium</em> and <em>Synoicum</em>: Variability and Defensive Role