Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Hongying Li [verfasserIn] Fenggui Liu [verfasserIn] Shengpeng Zhang [verfasserIn] Chaokun Zhang [verfasserIn] Cungui Zhang [verfasserIn] Weidong Ma [verfasserIn] Jing Luo [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Remote Sensing - MDPI AG, 2009, 14(2022), 12, p 2915
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2022 ; number:12, p 2915

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/rs14122915

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ027508048

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245	1	0	\|a Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
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520			\|a Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region.
650		4	\|a Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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allfields	10.3390/rs14122915 doi (DE-627)DOAJ027508048 (DE-599)DOAJ18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hongying Li verfasserin aut Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q Fenggui Liu verfasserin aut Shengpeng Zhang verfasserin aut Chaokun Zhang verfasserin aut Cungui Zhang verfasserin aut Weidong Ma verfasserin aut Jing Luo verfasserin aut In Remote Sensing MDPI AG, 2009 14(2022), 12, p 2915 (DE-627)608937916 (DE-600)2513863-7 20724292 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4392 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 12, p 2915
spelling	10.3390/rs14122915 doi (DE-627)DOAJ027508048 (DE-599)DOAJ18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hongying Li verfasserin aut Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q Fenggui Liu verfasserin aut Shengpeng Zhang verfasserin aut Chaokun Zhang verfasserin aut Cungui Zhang verfasserin aut Weidong Ma verfasserin aut Jing Luo verfasserin aut In Remote Sensing MDPI AG, 2009 14(2022), 12, p 2915 (DE-627)608937916 (DE-600)2513863-7 20724292 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4392 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 12, p 2915
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/rs14122915 doi (DE-627)DOAJ027508048 (DE-599)DOAJ18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hongying Li verfasserin aut Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q Fenggui Liu verfasserin aut Shengpeng Zhang verfasserin aut Chaokun Zhang verfasserin aut Cungui Zhang verfasserin aut Weidong Ma verfasserin aut Jing Luo verfasserin aut In Remote Sensing MDPI AG, 2009 14(2022), 12, p 2915 (DE-627)608937916 (DE-600)2513863-7 20724292 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4392 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 12, p 2915
allfieldsGer	10.3390/rs14122915 doi (DE-627)DOAJ027508048 (DE-599)DOAJ18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hongying Li verfasserin aut Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q Fenggui Liu verfasserin aut Shengpeng Zhang verfasserin aut Chaokun Zhang verfasserin aut Cungui Zhang verfasserin aut Weidong Ma verfasserin aut Jing Luo verfasserin aut In Remote Sensing MDPI AG, 2009 14(2022), 12, p 2915 (DE-627)608937916 (DE-600)2513863-7 20724292 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4392 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 12, p 2915
allfieldsSound	10.3390/rs14122915 doi (DE-627)DOAJ027508048 (DE-599)DOAJ18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hongying Li verfasserin aut Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q Fenggui Liu verfasserin aut Shengpeng Zhang verfasserin aut Chaokun Zhang verfasserin aut Cungui Zhang verfasserin aut Weidong Ma verfasserin aut Jing Luo verfasserin aut In Remote Sensing MDPI AG, 2009 14(2022), 12, p 2915 (DE-627)608937916 (DE-600)2513863-7 20724292 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4392 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 12, p 2915
language	English
source	In Remote Sensing 14(2022), 12, p 2915 volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915
sourceStr	In Remote Sensing 14(2022), 12, p 2915 volume:14 year:2022 number:12, p 2915
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting Science Q
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Remote Sensing
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Hongying Li @@aut@@ Fenggui Liu @@aut@@ Shengpeng Zhang @@aut@@ Chaokun Zhang @@aut@@ Cungui Zhang @@aut@@ Weidong Ma @@aut@@ Jing Luo @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	608937916
id	DOAJ027508048
language_de	englisch
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Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. 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author	Hongying Li
spellingShingle	Hongying Li misc Qinghai-Tibet Plateau misc soil moisture misc permafrost region misc vegetation misc precipitation misc drying–wetting misc Science misc Q Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
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topic_title	Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China Qinghai-Tibet Plateau soil moisture permafrost region vegetation precipitation drying–wetting
topic	misc Qinghai-Tibet Plateau misc soil moisture misc permafrost region misc vegetation misc precipitation misc drying–wetting misc Science misc Q
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title	Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
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title_full	Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
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title_sort	drying–wetting changes of surface soil moisture and the influencing factors in permafrost regions of the qinghai-tibet plateau, china
title_auth	Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
abstract	Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region.
abstractGer	Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region.
abstract_unstemmed	Soil moisture (SM), an important variable in water conversion between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, plays a crucial role in ecological processes and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems. Analyzing and exploring SM’s processes and influencing factors in different permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) can better serve the regional ecological security, disaster warning, water management, etc. However, the changes and future trends of SM on the QTP in recent decades are uncertain, and the main factors affecting SM are not fully understood. The study used SM observations, the Global Land Evapotranspiration Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) SM products, meteorological and vegetation data, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen estimation, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), and correlation methods to analyze and explore the characteristics and influencing factors of SM change in different permafrost regions of the QTP. The results show that: (1) At the pixel scale, GLEAM SM products can better reflect SM changes in the QTP in the warm season. The seasonal permafrost region is closer to the real SM than the permanent region, with a median correlation coefficient (<i<R</i<) of 0.738, median bias of 0.043 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<, and median unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE) of 0.031 m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup<. (2) The average SM in the QTP warm season increased at a rate of 0.573 × 10<sup<−3</sup< m<sup<3</sup< m<sup<−3</sup< yr<sup<−1</sup< over the recent 40 years, and the trend accelerated from 2005–2020. In 64.31% of the region, the soil was significantly wetted, mainly distributed in the permafrost region, which showed that the wetting rate in the dry region was faster than in the wet region. However, the wetting trend does not have a long-term continuity and has a pattern of “wetting–drying-wetting” on interannual and decadal levels, especially in the seasonal permafrost region. (3) More than 65% of the SM wetting trend on the QTP is caused by temperature, precipitation, and vegetation. However, there is apparent spatial heterogeneity in the different permafrost regions and vegetation cover conditions, and the three factors have a more substantial explanatory power for SM changes in the seasonal permafrost region. With the global climate change, the synergistic SM–Climate–Vegetation effect on the QTP tends to be more evident in the seasonal permafrost region.
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title_short	Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122915 https://doaj.org/article/18c0cd3ce7f04c5fb1e532d4f4451b6a https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/12/2915 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292
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Drying–Wetting Changes of Surface Soil Moisture and the Influencing Factors in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

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