Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve out...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Stefania Vernazza [verfasserIn] Mario Passalacqua [verfasserIn] Sara Tirendi [verfasserIn] Barbara Marengo [verfasserIn] Cinzia Domenicotti [verfasserIn] Diego Sbardella [verfasserIn] Francesco Oddone [verfasserIn] Anna Maria Bassi [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2022 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences - MDPI AG, 2003, 23(2022), 19, p 11375 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:23 ; year:2022 ; number:19, p 11375 |
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Link aufrufen |
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DOI / URN: |
10.3390/ijms231911375 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ028246322 |
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10.3390/ijms231911375 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028246322 (DE-599)DOAJa41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Stefania Vernazza verfasserin aut Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model Biology (General) Chemistry Mario Passalacqua verfasserin aut Sara Tirendi verfasserin aut Barbara Marengo verfasserin aut Cinzia Domenicotti verfasserin aut Diego Sbardella verfasserin aut Francesco Oddone verfasserin aut Anna Maria Bassi verfasserin aut In International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG, 2003 23(2022), 19, p 11375 (DE-627)316340715 (DE-600)2019364-6 14220067 nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:19, p 11375 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 19, p 11375 |
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10.3390/ijms231911375 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028246322 (DE-599)DOAJa41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Stefania Vernazza verfasserin aut Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model Biology (General) Chemistry Mario Passalacqua verfasserin aut Sara Tirendi verfasserin aut Barbara Marengo verfasserin aut Cinzia Domenicotti verfasserin aut Diego Sbardella verfasserin aut Francesco Oddone verfasserin aut Anna Maria Bassi verfasserin aut In International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG, 2003 23(2022), 19, p 11375 (DE-627)316340715 (DE-600)2019364-6 14220067 nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:19, p 11375 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 19, p 11375 |
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10.3390/ijms231911375 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028246322 (DE-599)DOAJa41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Stefania Vernazza verfasserin aut Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model Biology (General) Chemistry Mario Passalacqua verfasserin aut Sara Tirendi verfasserin aut Barbara Marengo verfasserin aut Cinzia Domenicotti verfasserin aut Diego Sbardella verfasserin aut Francesco Oddone verfasserin aut Anna Maria Bassi verfasserin aut In International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG, 2003 23(2022), 19, p 11375 (DE-627)316340715 (DE-600)2019364-6 14220067 nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:19, p 11375 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 19, p 11375 |
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10.3390/ijms231911375 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028246322 (DE-599)DOAJa41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Stefania Vernazza verfasserin aut Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model Biology (General) Chemistry Mario Passalacqua verfasserin aut Sara Tirendi verfasserin aut Barbara Marengo verfasserin aut Cinzia Domenicotti verfasserin aut Diego Sbardella verfasserin aut Francesco Oddone verfasserin aut Anna Maria Bassi verfasserin aut In International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG, 2003 23(2022), 19, p 11375 (DE-627)316340715 (DE-600)2019364-6 14220067 nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:19, p 11375 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 19, p 11375 |
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10.3390/ijms231911375 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028246322 (DE-599)DOAJa41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Stefania Vernazza verfasserin aut Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model Biology (General) Chemistry Mario Passalacqua verfasserin aut Sara Tirendi verfasserin aut Barbara Marengo verfasserin aut Cinzia Domenicotti verfasserin aut Diego Sbardella verfasserin aut Francesco Oddone verfasserin aut Anna Maria Bassi verfasserin aut In International Journal of Molecular Sciences MDPI AG, 2003 23(2022), 19, p 11375 (DE-627)316340715 (DE-600)2019364-6 14220067 nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:19, p 11375 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a41143c43c1a44df8ef86d5fec794b49 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/19/11375 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 19, p 11375 |
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QH301-705.5 QD1-999 Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model trabecular meshwork citicoline eye drops glaucoma 3D advanced in vitro model |
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Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model |
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Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. |
abstractGer |
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. |
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Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline’s potential as a TM-target therapy. |
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However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H<sub<2</sub<O<sub<2</sub< alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. 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