Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs
This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Eric Fusy [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2005 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science - Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004, (2005), Proceedings |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
year:2005 ; number:Proceedings |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.46298/dmtcs.3362 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ028957709 |
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10.46298/dmtcs.3362 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QA1-939 Eric Fusy verfasserin aut Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs 2005 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. planar graphs boltzmann samplers rejection sampling [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds] [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm] [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co] [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg] [info.info-hc] computer science [cs]/human-computer interaction [cs.hc] Mathematics In Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004 (2005), Proceedings (DE-627)239019105 (DE-600)1412155-4 13658050 nnns year:2005 number:Proceedings https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 kostenfrei https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2005 Proceedings |
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10.46298/dmtcs.3362 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QA1-939 Eric Fusy verfasserin aut Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs 2005 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. planar graphs boltzmann samplers rejection sampling [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds] [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm] [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co] [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg] [info.info-hc] computer science [cs]/human-computer interaction [cs.hc] Mathematics In Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004 (2005), Proceedings (DE-627)239019105 (DE-600)1412155-4 13658050 nnns year:2005 number:Proceedings https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 kostenfrei https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2005 Proceedings |
allfields_unstemmed |
10.46298/dmtcs.3362 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QA1-939 Eric Fusy verfasserin aut Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs 2005 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. planar graphs boltzmann samplers rejection sampling [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds] [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm] [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co] [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg] [info.info-hc] computer science [cs]/human-computer interaction [cs.hc] Mathematics In Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004 (2005), Proceedings (DE-627)239019105 (DE-600)1412155-4 13658050 nnns year:2005 number:Proceedings https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 kostenfrei https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2005 Proceedings |
allfieldsGer |
10.46298/dmtcs.3362 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QA1-939 Eric Fusy verfasserin aut Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs 2005 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. planar graphs boltzmann samplers rejection sampling [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds] [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm] [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co] [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg] [info.info-hc] computer science [cs]/human-computer interaction [cs.hc] Mathematics In Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004 (2005), Proceedings (DE-627)239019105 (DE-600)1412155-4 13658050 nnns year:2005 number:Proceedings https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 kostenfrei https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2005 Proceedings |
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10.46298/dmtcs.3362 doi (DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QA1-939 Eric Fusy verfasserin aut Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs 2005 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. planar graphs boltzmann samplers rejection sampling [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds] [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm] [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co] [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg] [info.info-hc] computer science [cs]/human-computer interaction [cs.hc] Mathematics In Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 2004 (2005), Proceedings (DE-627)239019105 (DE-600)1412155-4 13658050 nnns year:2005 number:Proceedings https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 kostenfrei https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2005 Proceedings |
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Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs |
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(DE-627)DOAJ028957709 (DE-599)DOAJ7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 |
title_full |
Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs |
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Eric Fusy |
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Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science |
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Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science |
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Eric Fusy |
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10.46298/dmtcs.3362 |
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quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs |
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QA1-939 |
title_auth |
Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs |
abstract |
This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. |
abstractGer |
This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. |
abstract_unstemmed |
This extended abstract introduces a new algorithm for the random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a judicious use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost. Then, for each generation, the time complexity is quadratic for exact-size uniform sampling and linear for approximate-size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact-size uniform sampling of planar graphs with $n$ vertices, which was a little over $\mathcal{O}(n^7)$. |
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container_issue |
Proceedings |
title_short |
Quadratic exact-size and linear approximate-size random generation of planar graphs |
url |
https://doi.org/10.46298/dmtcs.3362 https://doaj.org/article/7fdcffec73b146ec98bb1273e4209197 https://dmtcs.episciences.org/3362/pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1365-8050 |
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up_date |
2024-07-03T20:21:17.172Z |
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