The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology

Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks...
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Autor*in:	Beatriz Vidaña [verfasserIn] Núria Busquets [verfasserIn] Sebastian Napp [verfasserIn] Elisa Pérez-Ramírez [verfasserIn] Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero [verfasserIn] Nicholas Johnson [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Schlagwörter:	West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Vaccines - MDPI AG, 2013, 8(2020), 3, p 550
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:8 ; year:2020 ; number:3, p 550

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/vaccines8030550

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ029955904

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520			\|a Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.
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allfields	10.3390/vaccines8030550 doi (DE-627)DOAJ029955904 (DE-599)DOAJ4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Beatriz Vidaña verfasserin aut The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe. West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R Núria Busquets verfasserin aut Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Elisa Pérez-Ramírez verfasserin aut Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero verfasserin aut Nicholas Johnson verfasserin aut In Vaccines MDPI AG, 2013 8(2020), 3, p 550 (DE-627)736559205 (DE-600)2703319-3 2076393X nnns volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2020 3, p 550
spelling	10.3390/vaccines8030550 doi (DE-627)DOAJ029955904 (DE-599)DOAJ4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Beatriz Vidaña verfasserin aut The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe. West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R Núria Busquets verfasserin aut Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Elisa Pérez-Ramírez verfasserin aut Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero verfasserin aut Nicholas Johnson verfasserin aut In Vaccines MDPI AG, 2013 8(2020), 3, p 550 (DE-627)736559205 (DE-600)2703319-3 2076393X nnns volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2020 3, p 550
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/vaccines8030550 doi (DE-627)DOAJ029955904 (DE-599)DOAJ4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Beatriz Vidaña verfasserin aut The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe. West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R Núria Busquets verfasserin aut Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Elisa Pérez-Ramírez verfasserin aut Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero verfasserin aut Nicholas Johnson verfasserin aut In Vaccines MDPI AG, 2013 8(2020), 3, p 550 (DE-627)736559205 (DE-600)2703319-3 2076393X nnns volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2020 3, p 550
allfieldsGer	10.3390/vaccines8030550 doi (DE-627)DOAJ029955904 (DE-599)DOAJ4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Beatriz Vidaña verfasserin aut The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe. West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R Núria Busquets verfasserin aut Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Elisa Pérez-Ramírez verfasserin aut Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero verfasserin aut Nicholas Johnson verfasserin aut In Vaccines MDPI AG, 2013 8(2020), 3, p 550 (DE-627)736559205 (DE-600)2703319-3 2076393X nnns volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2020 3, p 550
allfieldsSound	10.3390/vaccines8030550 doi (DE-627)DOAJ029955904 (DE-599)DOAJ4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Beatriz Vidaña verfasserin aut The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe. West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R Núria Busquets verfasserin aut Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Elisa Pérez-Ramírez verfasserin aut Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero verfasserin aut Nicholas Johnson verfasserin aut In Vaccines MDPI AG, 2013 8(2020), 3, p 550 (DE-627)736559205 (DE-600)2703319-3 2076393X nnns volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4fdcb9119caa43baba55a9fed9172469 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/3/550 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2076-393X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2020 3, p 550
language	English
source	In Vaccines 8(2020), 3, p 550 volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550
sourceStr	In Vaccines 8(2020), 3, p 550 volume:8 year:2020 number:3, p 550
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	West Nile virus birds of prey raptors infection epidemiology diagnostic Medicine R
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container_title	Vaccines
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Beatriz Vidaña @@aut@@ Núria Busquets @@aut@@ Sebastian Napp @@aut@@ Elisa Pérez-Ramírez @@aut@@ Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero @@aut@@ Nicholas Johnson @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
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author	Beatriz Vidaña
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title	The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology
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title_auth	The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology
abstract	Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.
abstractGer	Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.
abstract_unstemmed	Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018. Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early 1990s. The subsequent introduction of WNV lineage 2 has been responsible for the remarkable upsurge of European WNV outbreaks since 2004, including the dramatic increase in human cases observed since 2018. The virus exists in a natural cycle between mosquitoes and wild birds, with humans and horses acting as dead-end hosts. As the key vertebrate hosts in the transmission cycle of WNV, avian species have been the focus of surveillance across many countries. Raptors appear particularly susceptible to WNV infection, resulting in higher prevalence, and in some cases exhibiting neurological signs that lead to the death of the animal. In addition, birds of prey are known to play an important role as WNV reservoir and potentially amplifying hosts of infection. Importantly, raptor higher susceptibility/prevalence may indicate infection through predation of infected prey. Consequently, they are considered important target species when designing cost-effective surveillance for monitoring both seasonal WNV circulation in endemic countries and its emergence into new areas, where migrating raptors may play a critical role in virus introduction. This review summarizes the different aspects of the current knowledge of WNV infection in birds of prey and evaluates their role in the evolution of the epizootic that is spreading throughout Europe.
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title_short	The Role of Birds of Prey in West Nile Virus Epidemiology
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