Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion

Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Gabrielle Dunkle [verfasserIn] Shangyan Zou [verfasserIn] Bryson Robertson [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	wave energy converters wave resource assessments marine renewable energy net power assessment (NPA)

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Energies - MDPI AG, 2008, 15(2022), 3, p 1109
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:15 ; year:2022 ; number:3, p 1109

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/en15031109

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ030353645

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allfields	10.3390/en15031109 doi (DE-627)DOAJ030353645 (DE-599)DOAJ366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gabrielle Dunkle verfasserin aut Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively. wave energy converters wave resource assessments marine renewable energy net power assessment (NPA) Technology T Shangyan Zou verfasserin aut Bryson Robertson verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 15(2022), 3, p 1109 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:15 year:2022 number:3, p 1109 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2022 3, p 1109
spelling	10.3390/en15031109 doi (DE-627)DOAJ030353645 (DE-599)DOAJ366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gabrielle Dunkle verfasserin aut Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively. wave energy converters wave resource assessments marine renewable energy net power assessment (NPA) Technology T Shangyan Zou verfasserin aut Bryson Robertson verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 15(2022), 3, p 1109 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:15 year:2022 number:3, p 1109 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2022 3, p 1109
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/en15031109 doi (DE-627)DOAJ030353645 (DE-599)DOAJ366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gabrielle Dunkle verfasserin aut Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively. wave energy converters wave resource assessments marine renewable energy net power assessment (NPA) Technology T Shangyan Zou verfasserin aut Bryson Robertson verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 15(2022), 3, p 1109 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:15 year:2022 number:3, p 1109 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2022 3, p 1109
allfieldsGer	10.3390/en15031109 doi (DE-627)DOAJ030353645 (DE-599)DOAJ366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gabrielle Dunkle verfasserin aut Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively. wave energy converters wave resource assessments marine renewable energy net power assessment (NPA) Technology T Shangyan Zou verfasserin aut Bryson Robertson verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 15(2022), 3, p 1109 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:15 year:2022 number:3, p 1109 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/366bc1885ca348da8eb7712a48e62c59 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1109 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2022 3, p 1109
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title	Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion
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title_full	Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion
author_sort	Gabrielle Dunkle
journal	Energies
journalStr	Energies
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author_browse	Gabrielle Dunkle Shangyan Zou Bryson Robertson
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format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Gabrielle Dunkle
doi_str_mv	10.3390/en15031109
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title_sort	wave resource assessments: spatiotemporal impacts of wec size and wave spectra on power conversion
title_auth	Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion
abstract	Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively.
abstractGer	Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively.
abstract_unstemmed	Wave energy has the potential to power significant portions of economies around the world. Standard International Electrotechnical Commission methods for determining wave energy quantifies the gross wave resource available in the ocean, yet a significant portion of this resource is not usable by specific wave energy converters (WECs). This can provide a misleading assessment of the spatiotemporal opportunities for wave energy in deployment locations. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new technique to assess potential wave power from a device point of view that is generally applicable across WEC sizes. To address this challenge, a novel net power assessment methodology is proposed, which implements Budal’s upper bound (which describes the power available to a WEC based on its stroke), the radiation power limit (which describes the maximum radiation-based amount of wave power a WEC can absorb), and total gross incident wave power as absorbable power upper bounds. Spatiotemporal opportunities for WECs were re-evaluated based on this new technique. Numerical simulations were conducted to quantify the net wave resource available for different sized WECs (1, 2, 5, 10) at five different ocean sites in the U.S. based on wave data. The simulation results show the predicted potential wave power through the net power assessment for a 5 m device is 0.8% of the International Electrotechnical Commission assessment results at PacWave, Oregon. For the monthly average power, the results show PacWave has the most energetic wave resource (up to 406 kW in January) and WETS, Hawaii, has the steadiest wave power available (maximum COV of 0.8) among the sites. Regarding the size of the devices, results show that larger devices (e.g., 10 m) have better performance in terms of both magnitude and steadiness of power available at WETS and Los Angeles, California. Finally, the wave power potential of different sized WECs at varying locations was compared at a 3-h resolution. The maximum instantaneous power available for a 1 and 10 m device at PacWave throughout the time period was 47.8 and 3.52 × 10<sup<3</sup< kW, respectively.
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container_issue	3, p 1109
title_short	Wave Resource Assessments: Spatiotemporal Impacts of WEC Size and Wave Spectra on Power Conversion
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