Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations

In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a ne...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Sebastian Napp [verfasserIn] Tomás Montalvo [verfasserIn] César Piñol-Baena [verfasserIn] Maria Belén Gómez-Martín [verfasserIn] Olga Nicolás-Francisco [verfasserIn] Mercè Soler [verfasserIn] Núria Busquets [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Viruses - MDPI AG, 2009, 11(2019), 8, p 716
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2019 ; number:8, p 716

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/v11080716

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ032744439

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520			\|a In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.
650		4	\|a West Nile virus
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allfields	10.3390/v11080716 doi (DE-627)DOAJ032744439 (DE-599)DOAJfcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas. West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology Tomás Montalvo verfasserin aut César Piñol-Baena verfasserin aut Maria Belén Gómez-Martín verfasserin aut Olga Nicolás-Francisco verfasserin aut Mercè Soler verfasserin aut Núria Busquets verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 8, p 716 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 8, p 716
spelling	10.3390/v11080716 doi (DE-627)DOAJ032744439 (DE-599)DOAJfcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas. West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology Tomás Montalvo verfasserin aut César Piñol-Baena verfasserin aut Maria Belén Gómez-Martín verfasserin aut Olga Nicolás-Francisco verfasserin aut Mercè Soler verfasserin aut Núria Busquets verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 8, p 716 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 8, p 716
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/v11080716 doi (DE-627)DOAJ032744439 (DE-599)DOAJfcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas. West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology Tomás Montalvo verfasserin aut César Piñol-Baena verfasserin aut Maria Belén Gómez-Martín verfasserin aut Olga Nicolás-Francisco verfasserin aut Mercè Soler verfasserin aut Núria Busquets verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 8, p 716 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 8, p 716
allfieldsGer	10.3390/v11080716 doi (DE-627)DOAJ032744439 (DE-599)DOAJfcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas. West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology Tomás Montalvo verfasserin aut César Piñol-Baena verfasserin aut Maria Belén Gómez-Martín verfasserin aut Olga Nicolás-Francisco verfasserin aut Mercè Soler verfasserin aut Núria Busquets verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 8, p 716 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 8, p 716
allfieldsSound	10.3390/v11080716 doi (DE-627)DOAJ032744439 (DE-599)DOAJfcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sebastian Napp verfasserin aut Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas. West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology Tomás Montalvo verfasserin aut César Piñol-Baena verfasserin aut Maria Belén Gómez-Martín verfasserin aut Olga Nicolás-Francisco verfasserin aut Mercè Soler verfasserin aut Núria Busquets verfasserin aut In Viruses MDPI AG, 2009 11(2019), 8, p 716 (DE-627)609775871 (DE-600)2516098-9 19994915 nnns volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716 https://doi.org/10.3390/v11080716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fcbeb274309a4cdf8945bb3b18900b0f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/8/716 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2019 8, p 716
language	English
source	In Viruses 11(2019), 8, p 716 volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716
sourceStr	In Viruses 11(2019), 8, p 716 volume:11 year:2019 number:8, p 716
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance Microbiology
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Viruses
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Sebastian Napp @@aut@@ Tomás Montalvo @@aut@@ César Piñol-Baena @@aut@@ Maria Belén Gómez-Martín @@aut@@ Olga Nicolás-Francisco @@aut@@ Mercè Soler @@aut@@ Núria Busquets @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Sebastian Napp
spellingShingle	Sebastian Napp misc QR1-502 misc West Nile virus misc Eurasian magpies misc wild birds misc sentinels misc surveillance misc Microbiology Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations
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topic_title	QR1-502 Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations West Nile virus Eurasian magpies wild birds sentinels surveillance
topic	misc QR1-502 misc West Nile virus misc Eurasian magpies misc wild birds misc sentinels misc surveillance misc Microbiology
topic_unstemmed	misc QR1-502 misc West Nile virus misc Eurasian magpies misc wild birds misc sentinels misc surveillance misc Microbiology
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title	Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations
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title_sort	usefulness of eurasian magpies (<i<pica pica</i<) for west nile virus surveillance in non-endemic and endemic situations
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title_auth	Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations
abstract	In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.
abstractGer	In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.
abstract_unstemmed	In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (<i<Accipiter gentilis</i<). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.
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title_short	Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations
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Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (<i<Pica pica</i<) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations

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