Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel

In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is...
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Autor*in:	Longlong Li [verfasserIn] Yuliang Lu [verfasserIn] Xuehu Yan [verfasserIn] Dingwei Tan [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	covert channels screen-camera communication air-gapped data exfiltration

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering - AIMS Press, 2020, 16(2019), 6, Seite 7458-7476
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:16 ; year:2019 ; number:6 ; pages:7458-7476

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3934/mbe.2019374

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ033084696

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520			\|a In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is visible to humans. In this paper, inspired by the rapid upgrades of cameras and monitors, we propose an air-gapped screen-camera covert channel with decreased perceptibility that is suitable for complex content. Our method exploits the characteristics of the human vision system (HVS) and embeds quick response (QR) codes containing sensitive data in the displayed frames. This slight modification of the frames cannot be sensed by the HVS but can be recorded by the cameras. Then, using certain image processing techniques, we reconstruct the QR codes to some degree and extract the secret data with a certain level of robustness due to the error correction capacity of QR codes. In the scenario to which our method applies, we assume that a program has been installed in the target system and has the authority to modify the frames without affecting the normal operations of valid users. Cameras, such as web cameras, surveillance cameras and smartphone cameras, can be receivers in our method. We illustrate the applicability of our method to frames with complex content using several different cover images. Experiments involving different angles between the screen and the camera were conducted to highlight the feasibility of our method with angles of 0°,15° and 30° .
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spelling	10.3934/mbe.2019374 doi (DE-627)DOAJ033084696 (DE-599)DOAJ17e6b5c9c0864f04866ad2148b767bdc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 QA1-939 Longlong Li verfasserin aut Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is visible to humans. In this paper, inspired by the rapid upgrades of cameras and monitors, we propose an air-gapped screen-camera covert channel with decreased perceptibility that is suitable for complex content. Our method exploits the characteristics of the human vision system (HVS) and embeds quick response (QR) codes containing sensitive data in the displayed frames. This slight modification of the frames cannot be sensed by the HVS but can be recorded by the cameras. Then, using certain image processing techniques, we reconstruct the QR codes to some degree and extract the secret data with a certain level of robustness due to the error correction capacity of QR codes. In the scenario to which our method applies, we assume that a program has been installed in the target system and has the authority to modify the frames without affecting the normal operations of valid users. Cameras, such as web cameras, surveillance cameras and smartphone cameras, can be receivers in our method. We illustrate the applicability of our method to frames with complex content using several different cover images. Experiments involving different angles between the screen and the camera were conducted to highlight the feasibility of our method with angles of 0°,15° and 30° . covert channels screen-camera communication air-gapped data exfiltration Biotechnology Mathematics Yuliang Lu verfasserin aut Xuehu Yan verfasserin aut Dingwei Tan verfasserin aut In Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering AIMS Press, 2020 16(2019), 6, Seite 7458-7476 (DE-627)522894844 (DE-600)2265126-3 15510018 nnns volume:16 year:2019 number:6 pages:7458-7476 https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2019374 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/17e6b5c9c0864f04866ad2148b767bdc kostenfrei https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/mbe.2019374?viewType=HTML kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1551-0018 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2019 6 7458-7476
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Longlong Li
spellingShingle	Longlong Li misc TP248.13-248.65 misc QA1-939 misc covert channels misc screen-camera communication misc air-gapped misc data exfiltration misc Biotechnology misc Mathematics Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel
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title_full	Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel
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title_sort	exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel
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title_auth	Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel
abstract	In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is visible to humans. In this paper, inspired by the rapid upgrades of cameras and monitors, we propose an air-gapped screen-camera covert channel with decreased perceptibility that is suitable for complex content. Our method exploits the characteristics of the human vision system (HVS) and embeds quick response (QR) codes containing sensitive data in the displayed frames. This slight modification of the frames cannot be sensed by the HVS but can be recorded by the cameras. Then, using certain image processing techniques, we reconstruct the QR codes to some degree and extract the secret data with a certain level of robustness due to the error correction capacity of QR codes. In the scenario to which our method applies, we assume that a program has been installed in the target system and has the authority to modify the frames without affecting the normal operations of valid users. Cameras, such as web cameras, surveillance cameras and smartphone cameras, can be receivers in our method. We illustrate the applicability of our method to frames with complex content using several different cover images. Experiments involving different angles between the screen and the camera were conducted to highlight the feasibility of our method with angles of 0°,15° and 30° .
abstractGer	In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is visible to humans. In this paper, inspired by the rapid upgrades of cameras and monitors, we propose an air-gapped screen-camera covert channel with decreased perceptibility that is suitable for complex content. Our method exploits the characteristics of the human vision system (HVS) and embeds quick response (QR) codes containing sensitive data in the displayed frames. This slight modification of the frames cannot be sensed by the HVS but can be recorded by the cameras. Then, using certain image processing techniques, we reconstruct the QR codes to some degree and extract the secret data with a certain level of robustness due to the error correction capacity of QR codes. In the scenario to which our method applies, we assume that a program has been installed in the target system and has the authority to modify the frames without affecting the normal operations of valid users. Cameras, such as web cameras, surveillance cameras and smartphone cameras, can be receivers in our method. We illustrate the applicability of our method to frames with complex content using several different cover images. Experiments involving different angles between the screen and the camera were conducted to highlight the feasibility of our method with angles of 0°,15° and 30° .
abstract_unstemmed	In recent years, many methods of exfiltrating information from air-gapped systems, including electromagnetic, thermal, acoustic and optical covert channels, have been proposed. However, as a typical optical channel, the screen-camera method has rarely been considered; it is less covert because it is visible to humans. In this paper, inspired by the rapid upgrades of cameras and monitors, we propose an air-gapped screen-camera covert channel with decreased perceptibility that is suitable for complex content. Our method exploits the characteristics of the human vision system (HVS) and embeds quick response (QR) codes containing sensitive data in the displayed frames. This slight modification of the frames cannot be sensed by the HVS but can be recorded by the cameras. Then, using certain image processing techniques, we reconstruct the QR codes to some degree and extract the secret data with a certain level of robustness due to the error correction capacity of QR codes. In the scenario to which our method applies, we assume that a program has been installed in the target system and has the authority to modify the frames without affecting the normal operations of valid users. Cameras, such as web cameras, surveillance cameras and smartphone cameras, can be receivers in our method. We illustrate the applicability of our method to frames with complex content using several different cover images. Experiments involving different angles between the screen and the camera were conducted to highlight the feasibility of our method with angles of 0°,15° and 30° .
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title_short	Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel
url	https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2019374 https://doaj.org/article/17e6b5c9c0864f04866ad2148b767bdc https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/mbe.2019374?viewType=HTML https://doaj.org/toc/1551-0018
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Exfiltrating data from an air-gapped system through a screen-camera covert channel

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