The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago

Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	E. L. Wilson [verfasserIn] K. S. Harpp [verfasserIn] D. M. Schwartz [verfasserIn] R. Van Kirk [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Earth Science - Frontiers Media S.A., 2014, 10(2022)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:10 ; year:2022

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/feart.2022.845544

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ034288635

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allfields	10.3389/feart.2022.845544 doi (DE-627)DOAJ034288635 (DE-599)DOAJ51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng E. L. Wilson verfasserin aut The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago Science Q K. S. Harpp verfasserin aut D. M. Schwartz verfasserin aut R. Van Kirk verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Earth Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 10(2022) (DE-627)771399731 (DE-600)2741235-0 22966463 nnns volume:10 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2022
spelling	10.3389/feart.2022.845544 doi (DE-627)DOAJ034288635 (DE-599)DOAJ51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng E. L. Wilson verfasserin aut The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago Science Q K. S. Harpp verfasserin aut D. M. Schwartz verfasserin aut R. Van Kirk verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Earth Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 10(2022) (DE-627)771399731 (DE-600)2741235-0 22966463 nnns volume:10 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2022
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/feart.2022.845544 doi (DE-627)DOAJ034288635 (DE-599)DOAJ51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng E. L. Wilson verfasserin aut The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago Science Q K. S. Harpp verfasserin aut D. M. Schwartz verfasserin aut R. Van Kirk verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Earth Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 10(2022) (DE-627)771399731 (DE-600)2741235-0 22966463 nnns volume:10 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2022
allfieldsGer	10.3389/feart.2022.845544 doi (DE-627)DOAJ034288635 (DE-599)DOAJ51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng E. L. Wilson verfasserin aut The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago Science Q K. S. Harpp verfasserin aut D. M. Schwartz verfasserin aut R. Van Kirk verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Earth Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 10(2022) (DE-627)771399731 (DE-600)2741235-0 22966463 nnns volume:10 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2022
allfieldsSound	10.3389/feart.2022.845544 doi (DE-627)DOAJ034288635 (DE-599)DOAJ51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng E. L. Wilson verfasserin aut The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC. mantle plume Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) volcano evolution plume-ridge interaction Galapagos Islands Galapagos Archipelago Science Q K. S. Harpp verfasserin aut D. M. Schwartz verfasserin aut R. Van Kirk verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Earth Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 10(2022) (DE-627)771399731 (DE-600)2741235-0 22966463 nnns volume:10 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 10 2022
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author	E. L. Wilson
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title	The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago
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title_full	The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago
author_sort	E. L. Wilson
journal	Frontiers in Earth Science
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author_browse	E. L. Wilson K. S. Harpp D. M. Schwartz R. Van Kirk
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title_sort	geochemical evolution of santa cruz island, galápagos archipelago
title_auth	The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago
abstract	Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC.
abstractGer	Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC.
abstract_unstemmed	Understanding how ocean island volcanoes evolve provides important insight into the behavior of mantle plumes, how plumes interact with mid-ocean ridges, and potential risks posed to inhabitants as the islands age. In this field-based study of the Galápagos Islands, we use radiogenic isotope ratio, major element, and trace element analysis of >70 new lava samples to document the geochemical evolution of Santa Cruz Island over the past ∼2 million years, as it has been carried away from the plume. Currently, Santa Cruz is a dormant shield volcano in the central archipelago. Previous work indicates that exposed lavas preserve >1 million years of activity in two eruptive units: 1) The older Platform Series, exposed primarily in the northeast; and 2) the Shield Series, which blankets the rest of Santa Cruz and erupted from a WNW trending fissure system. Our new geochemical analyses indicate that the Platform Series lavas are more evolved and isotopically enriched than Shield lavas, but neither as compositionally monotonous nor as isotopically enriched as the younger western Galápagos volcanoes. Santa Cruz formed when the Galápagos Spreading Center (GSC) was closer to the plume than it is today, resulting in enhanced plume-ridge interaction and transport of plume material to the ridge. Consequently, the Platform Series was formed under relatively magma-starved conditions compared to today’s western volcanoes. Magma supply was sufficient for partial fractionation and homogenization of melts in shallow reservoirs, but inadequate to support thermochemically buffered networks like those in the present-day western archipelago. The slight depletion of Platform Series lavas relative to Fernandina reflects entrainment of depleted upper mantle and/or diversion of deep, enriched plume melts to the nearby GSC. The younger Shield Series lavas are even more depleted because plate motion has carried the volcano across the compositional boundary of the bilaterally asymmetric plume into its more depleted zone. Shield Series lavas’ variable, primitive compositions reflect minimal crustal processing in small, ephemeral, poorly supplied magma reservoirs. Unlike the young western shields, the constructional history of Santa Cruz has been controlled to a significant extent by its proximity to the GSC.
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title_short	The Geochemical Evolution of Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.845544 https://doaj.org/article/51b626d196b54bed85f2f022d5ef8bb2 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.845544/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463
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