Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in thi...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Eva Perez-Martin [verfasserIn] Brianna Beechler [verfasserIn] Fuquan Zhang [verfasserIn] Katherine Scott [verfasserIn] Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist [verfasserIn] Georgina Limon [verfasserIn] Brian Dugovich [verfasserIn] Simon Gubbins [verfasserIn] Arista Botha [verfasserIn] Robyn Hetem [verfasserIn] Louis van Schalkwyk [verfasserIn] Nicholas Juleff [verfasserIn] Francois F. Maree [verfasserIn] Anna Jolles [verfasserIn] Bryan Charleston [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2022 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Veterinary Research - BMC, 2011, 53(2022), 1, Seite 14 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:53 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; pages:14 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ035761466 |
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520 | |a Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. | ||
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10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 doi (DE-627)DOAJ035761466 (DE-599)DOAJb822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SF600-1100 Eva Perez-Martin verfasserin aut Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. SAT FMDV host-viral interaction innate immune response acute phase proteins fever Veterinary medicine Brianna Beechler verfasserin aut Fuquan Zhang verfasserin aut Katherine Scott verfasserin aut Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist verfasserin aut Georgina Limon verfasserin aut Brian Dugovich verfasserin aut Simon Gubbins verfasserin aut Arista Botha verfasserin aut Robyn Hetem verfasserin aut Louis van Schalkwyk verfasserin aut Nicholas Juleff verfasserin aut Francois F. Maree verfasserin aut Anna Jolles verfasserin aut Bryan Charleston verfasserin aut In Veterinary Research BMC, 2011 53(2022), 1, Seite 14 (DE-627)312853653 (DE-600)2012391-7 12979716 nnns volume:53 year:2022 number:1 pages:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1297-9716 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 53 2022 1 14 |
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10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 doi (DE-627)DOAJ035761466 (DE-599)DOAJb822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SF600-1100 Eva Perez-Martin verfasserin aut Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. SAT FMDV host-viral interaction innate immune response acute phase proteins fever Veterinary medicine Brianna Beechler verfasserin aut Fuquan Zhang verfasserin aut Katherine Scott verfasserin aut Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist verfasserin aut Georgina Limon verfasserin aut Brian Dugovich verfasserin aut Simon Gubbins verfasserin aut Arista Botha verfasserin aut Robyn Hetem verfasserin aut Louis van Schalkwyk verfasserin aut Nicholas Juleff verfasserin aut Francois F. Maree verfasserin aut Anna Jolles verfasserin aut Bryan Charleston verfasserin aut In Veterinary Research BMC, 2011 53(2022), 1, Seite 14 (DE-627)312853653 (DE-600)2012391-7 12979716 nnns volume:53 year:2022 number:1 pages:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1297-9716 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 53 2022 1 14 |
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10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 doi (DE-627)DOAJ035761466 (DE-599)DOAJb822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SF600-1100 Eva Perez-Martin verfasserin aut Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. SAT FMDV host-viral interaction innate immune response acute phase proteins fever Veterinary medicine Brianna Beechler verfasserin aut Fuquan Zhang verfasserin aut Katherine Scott verfasserin aut Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist verfasserin aut Georgina Limon verfasserin aut Brian Dugovich verfasserin aut Simon Gubbins verfasserin aut Arista Botha verfasserin aut Robyn Hetem verfasserin aut Louis van Schalkwyk verfasserin aut Nicholas Juleff verfasserin aut Francois F. Maree verfasserin aut Anna Jolles verfasserin aut Bryan Charleston verfasserin aut In Veterinary Research BMC, 2011 53(2022), 1, Seite 14 (DE-627)312853653 (DE-600)2012391-7 12979716 nnns volume:53 year:2022 number:1 pages:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1297-9716 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 53 2022 1 14 |
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10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 doi (DE-627)DOAJ035761466 (DE-599)DOAJb822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SF600-1100 Eva Perez-Martin verfasserin aut Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. SAT FMDV host-viral interaction innate immune response acute phase proteins fever Veterinary medicine Brianna Beechler verfasserin aut Fuquan Zhang verfasserin aut Katherine Scott verfasserin aut Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist verfasserin aut Georgina Limon verfasserin aut Brian Dugovich verfasserin aut Simon Gubbins verfasserin aut Arista Botha verfasserin aut Robyn Hetem verfasserin aut Louis van Schalkwyk verfasserin aut Nicholas Juleff verfasserin aut Francois F. Maree verfasserin aut Anna Jolles verfasserin aut Bryan Charleston verfasserin aut In Veterinary Research BMC, 2011 53(2022), 1, Seite 14 (DE-627)312853653 (DE-600)2012391-7 12979716 nnns volume:53 year:2022 number:1 pages:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1297-9716 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 53 2022 1 14 |
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viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) |
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SF600-1100 |
title_auth |
Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) |
abstract |
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. |
abstractGer |
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases restricting international trade. While African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) act as the main wildlife reservoir, viral and immune response dynamics during FMD virus acute infection have not been described before in this species. We used experimental needle inoculation and contact infections with three Southern African Territories serotypes to assess clinical, virological and immunological dynamics for thirty days post infection. Clinical FMD in the needle inoculated buffalo was mild and characterised by pyrexia. Despite the absence of generalised vesicles, all contact animals were readily infected with their respective serotypes within the first two to nine days after being mixed with needle challenged buffalo. Irrespective of the route of infection or serotype, there were positive associations between the viral loads in blood and the induction of host innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Viral loads in blood and tonsil swabs were tightly correlated during the acute phase of the infection, however, viraemia significantly declined after a peak at four days post-infection (dpi), which correlated with the presence of detectable neutralising antibodies. In contrast, infectious virus was isolated in the tonsil swabs until the last sampling point (30 dpi) in most animals. The pattern of virus detection in serum and tonsil swabs was similar for all three serotypes in the direct challenged and contact challenged animals. We have demonstrated for the first time that African buffalo are indeed systemically affected by FMD virus and clinical FMD in buffalo is characterized by a transient pyrexia. Despite the lack of FMD lesions, infection of African buffalo was characterised by high viral loads in blood and oropharynx, rapid and strong host innate and adaptive immune responses and high transmissibility. |
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container_issue |
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title_short |
Viral dynamics and immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 https://doaj.org/article/b822a936ea7347549e9e26c36ebbadf0 https://doaj.org/toc/1297-9716 |
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author2 |
Brianna Beechler Fuquan Zhang Katherine Scott Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist Georgina Limon Brian Dugovich Simon Gubbins Arista Botha Robyn Hetem Louis van Schalkwyk Nicholas Juleff Francois F. Maree Anna Jolles Bryan Charleston |
author2Str |
Brianna Beechler Fuquan Zhang Katherine Scott Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist Georgina Limon Brian Dugovich Simon Gubbins Arista Botha Robyn Hetem Louis van Schalkwyk Nicholas Juleff Francois F. Maree Anna Jolles Bryan Charleston |
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doi_str |
10.1186/s13567-022-01076-3 |
callnumber-a |
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up_date |
2024-07-03T16:50:10.448Z |
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