cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne
The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear....
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Christine Rosalie Voisey [verfasserIn] Michael Christensen [verfasserIn] Linda Joy Johnson [verfasserIn] Natasha Forester [verfasserIn] Milan Gagic [verfasserIn] Gregory T Bryan [verfasserIn] Wayne Roydon Simpson [verfasserIn] Damien Fleetwood [verfasserIn] Stuart Douglas Card [verfasserIn] John Koolaard [verfasserIn] Paul Maclean [verfasserIn] Richard David Johnson [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Frontiers in Plant Science - Frontiers Media S.A., 2011, 7(2016) |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:7 ; year:2016 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 |
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DOAJ036457906 |
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| 520 | |a The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. | ||
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10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 doi (DE-627)DOAJ036457906 (DE-599)DOAJb6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Christine Rosalie Voisey verfasserin aut cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Linda Joy Johnson verfasserin aut Natasha Forester verfasserin aut Milan Gagic verfasserin aut Gregory T Bryan verfasserin aut Wayne Roydon Simpson verfasserin aut Damien Fleetwood verfasserin aut Stuart Douglas Card verfasserin aut John Koolaard verfasserin aut Paul Maclean verfasserin aut Richard David Johnson verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 7(2016) (DE-627)662359240 (DE-600)2613694-6 1664462X nnns volume:7 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-462X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2016 |
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10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 doi (DE-627)DOAJ036457906 (DE-599)DOAJb6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Christine Rosalie Voisey verfasserin aut cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Linda Joy Johnson verfasserin aut Natasha Forester verfasserin aut Milan Gagic verfasserin aut Gregory T Bryan verfasserin aut Wayne Roydon Simpson verfasserin aut Damien Fleetwood verfasserin aut Stuart Douglas Card verfasserin aut John Koolaard verfasserin aut Paul Maclean verfasserin aut Richard David Johnson verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 7(2016) (DE-627)662359240 (DE-600)2613694-6 1664462X nnns volume:7 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-462X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2016 |
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10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 doi (DE-627)DOAJ036457906 (DE-599)DOAJb6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Christine Rosalie Voisey verfasserin aut cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Linda Joy Johnson verfasserin aut Natasha Forester verfasserin aut Milan Gagic verfasserin aut Gregory T Bryan verfasserin aut Wayne Roydon Simpson verfasserin aut Damien Fleetwood verfasserin aut Stuart Douglas Card verfasserin aut John Koolaard verfasserin aut Paul Maclean verfasserin aut Richard David Johnson verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 7(2016) (DE-627)662359240 (DE-600)2613694-6 1664462X nnns volume:7 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-462X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2016 |
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10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 doi (DE-627)DOAJ036457906 (DE-599)DOAJb6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Christine Rosalie Voisey verfasserin aut cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Linda Joy Johnson verfasserin aut Natasha Forester verfasserin aut Milan Gagic verfasserin aut Gregory T Bryan verfasserin aut Wayne Roydon Simpson verfasserin aut Damien Fleetwood verfasserin aut Stuart Douglas Card verfasserin aut John Koolaard verfasserin aut Paul Maclean verfasserin aut Richard David Johnson verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 7(2016) (DE-627)662359240 (DE-600)2613694-6 1664462X nnns volume:7 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-462X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2016 |
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10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 doi (DE-627)DOAJ036457906 (DE-599)DOAJb6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Christine Rosalie Voisey verfasserin aut cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Michael Christensen verfasserin aut Linda Joy Johnson verfasserin aut Natasha Forester verfasserin aut Milan Gagic verfasserin aut Gregory T Bryan verfasserin aut Wayne Roydon Simpson verfasserin aut Damien Fleetwood verfasserin aut Stuart Douglas Card verfasserin aut John Koolaard verfasserin aut Paul Maclean verfasserin aut Richard David Johnson verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Plant Science Frontiers Media S.A., 2011 7(2016) (DE-627)662359240 (DE-600)2613694-6 1664462X nnns volume:7 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/b6ed6dd767984c88951c995206aec768 kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2016.01546/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-462X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2016 |
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Reactive Oxygen Species Symbiosis Lolium perenne cAMP signalling Hyphal branching Epichloë festucae Plant culture |
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Christine Rosalie Voisey @@aut@@ Michael Christensen @@aut@@ Linda Joy Johnson @@aut@@ Natasha Forester @@aut@@ Milan Gagic @@aut@@ Gregory T Bryan @@aut@@ Wayne Roydon Simpson @@aut@@ Damien Fleetwood @@aut@@ Stuart Douglas Card @@aut@@ John Koolaard @@aut@@ Paul Maclean @@aut@@ Richard David Johnson @@aut@@ |
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2016-01-01T00:00:00Z |
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cAMP signalling regulates synchronised growth of symbiotic Epichloë fungi with the host grass Lolium perenne |
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The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. |
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The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. |
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The seed-transmitted fungal symbiont, Epichloë festucae, colonizes grasses by infecting host tissues as they form on the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of the seedling. How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. Plants infected with E. festucae ΔacyA were marginally less robust than the wild-type (WT), however hyphae were hyper-branched, and leaf tissues heavily colonized, indicating that the tight regulation of hyphal growth normally observed in maturing leaves requires functional cAMP signaling. |
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How this fungus accommodates the complexities of plant development to successfully colonize the leaves and inflorescences is unclear. Since adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling is often essential for host colonization by fungal pathogens, we disrupted the cAMP cascade by insertional mutagenesis of the E. festucae adenylate cyclase gene (acyA). Consistent with deletions of this gene in other fungi, acyA mutants had a slow radial growth rate in culture, and hyphae were convoluted and hyper-branched suggesting that fungal apical dominance had been disrupted. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of hyphae showed that cAMP disruption mutants were impaired in their ability to synthesize superoxide, indicating that cAMP signaling regulates accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite significant defects in hyphal growth and ROS production, E. festucae ΔacyA mutants were infectious and capable of forming symbiotic associations with grasses. 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