A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart

Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Anna Kornblum [verfasserIn] Frank Pillekamp [verfasserIn] Matthias Matzkies [verfasserIn] Bernd Fleischmann [verfasserIn] Hendrik Bonnemeier [verfasserIn] Heribert Schunkert [verfasserIn] Konrad Brockmeier [verfasserIn] Jürgen Hescheler [verfasserIn] Michael Reppel [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2013

Schlagwörter:	Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry - Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH & Co KG, 2002, 32(2013), 1, Seite 10
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:32 ; year:2013 ; number:1 ; pages:10

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1159/000350118

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ037814052

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520			\|a Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice.
650		4	\|a Electrophysiology
650		4	\|a Heart block
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650		4	\|a Atrioventricular node
650		4	\|a Conduction
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allfields	10.1159/000350118 doi (DE-627)DOAJ037814052 (DE-599)DOAJa89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QP1-981 QD415-436 Anna Kornblum verfasserin aut A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice. Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction Physiology Biochemistry Frank Pillekamp verfasserin aut Matthias Matzkies verfasserin aut Bernd Fleischmann verfasserin aut Hendrik Bonnemeier verfasserin aut Heribert Schunkert verfasserin aut Konrad Brockmeier verfasserin aut Jürgen Hescheler verfasserin aut Michael Reppel verfasserin aut In Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH & Co KG, 2002 32(2013), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)300189702 (DE-600)1482056-0 14219778 nnns volume:32 year:2013 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1159/000350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 kostenfrei http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1015-8987 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1421-9778 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2885 GBV_ILN_2886 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 32 2013 1 10
spelling	10.1159/000350118 doi (DE-627)DOAJ037814052 (DE-599)DOAJa89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QP1-981 QD415-436 Anna Kornblum verfasserin aut A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice. Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction Physiology Biochemistry Frank Pillekamp verfasserin aut Matthias Matzkies verfasserin aut Bernd Fleischmann verfasserin aut Hendrik Bonnemeier verfasserin aut Heribert Schunkert verfasserin aut Konrad Brockmeier verfasserin aut Jürgen Hescheler verfasserin aut Michael Reppel verfasserin aut In Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH & Co KG, 2002 32(2013), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)300189702 (DE-600)1482056-0 14219778 nnns volume:32 year:2013 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1159/000350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 kostenfrei http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1015-8987 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1421-9778 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2885 GBV_ILN_2886 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 32 2013 1 10
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allfieldsGer	10.1159/000350118 doi (DE-627)DOAJ037814052 (DE-599)DOAJa89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QP1-981 QD415-436 Anna Kornblum verfasserin aut A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice. Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction Physiology Biochemistry Frank Pillekamp verfasserin aut Matthias Matzkies verfasserin aut Bernd Fleischmann verfasserin aut Hendrik Bonnemeier verfasserin aut Heribert Schunkert verfasserin aut Konrad Brockmeier verfasserin aut Jürgen Hescheler verfasserin aut Michael Reppel verfasserin aut In Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH & Co KG, 2002 32(2013), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)300189702 (DE-600)1482056-0 14219778 nnns volume:32 year:2013 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1159/000350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 kostenfrei http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1015-8987 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1421-9778 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2885 GBV_ILN_2886 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 32 2013 1 10
allfieldsSound	10.1159/000350118 doi (DE-627)DOAJ037814052 (DE-599)DOAJa89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QP1-981 QD415-436 Anna Kornblum verfasserin aut A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice. Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction Physiology Biochemistry Frank Pillekamp verfasserin aut Matthias Matzkies verfasserin aut Bernd Fleischmann verfasserin aut Hendrik Bonnemeier verfasserin aut Heribert Schunkert verfasserin aut Konrad Brockmeier verfasserin aut Jürgen Hescheler verfasserin aut Michael Reppel verfasserin aut In Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Cell Physiol Biochem Press GmbH & Co KG, 2002 32(2013), 1, Seite 10 (DE-627)300189702 (DE-600)1482056-0 14219778 nnns volume:32 year:2013 number:1 pages:10 https://doi.org/10.1159/000350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a89fa3c51e2742a3af792646c5b432e3 kostenfrei http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/350118 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1015-8987 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1421-9778 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2885 GBV_ILN_2886 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 32 2013 1 10
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author	Anna Kornblum
spellingShingle	Anna Kornblum misc QP1-981 misc QD415-436 misc Electrophysiology misc Heart block misc Imaging misc Atrioventricular node misc Conduction misc Physiology misc Biochemistry A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart
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topic_title	QP1-981 QD415-436 A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart Electrophysiology Heart block Imaging Atrioventricular node Conduction
topic	misc QP1-981 misc QD415-436 misc Electrophysiology misc Heart block misc Imaging misc Atrioventricular node misc Conduction misc Physiology misc Biochemistry
topic_unstemmed	misc QP1-981 misc QD415-436 misc Electrophysiology misc Heart block misc Imaging misc Atrioventricular node misc Conduction misc Physiology misc Biochemistry
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title	A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart
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title_auth	A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart
abstract	Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice.
abstractGer	Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice.
abstract_unstemmed	Background: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19th century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. Conclusion: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice.
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title_short	A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart
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In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. Methods and Results: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. 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A New Model to Perform Electrophysiological Studies in the Early Embryonic Mouse Heart

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