Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting

Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation e...
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Autor*in:	Tegan Carpenter-Kling [verfasserIn] Andrew de Blocq [verfasserIn] Christina Hagen [verfasserIn] Craig Harding [verfasserIn] Taryn Morris [verfasserIn] Lorien Pichegru [verfasserIn] Jennifer Roberts [verfasserIn] Peter G. Ryan [verfasserIn] Ross M. Wanless [verfasserIn] Alistair McInnes [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Scientific Reports - Nature Portfolio, 2011, 12(2022), 1, Seite 13
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:12 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; pages:13

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ042015464

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allfields	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w doi (DE-627)DOAJ042015464 (DE-599)DOAJc3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Tegan Carpenter-Kling verfasserin aut Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season. Medicine R Science Q Andrew de Blocq verfasserin aut Christina Hagen verfasserin aut Craig Harding verfasserin aut Taryn Morris verfasserin aut Lorien Pichegru verfasserin aut Jennifer Roberts verfasserin aut Peter G. Ryan verfasserin aut Ross M. Wanless verfasserin aut Alistair McInnes verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2022 1 13
spelling	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w doi (DE-627)DOAJ042015464 (DE-599)DOAJc3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Tegan Carpenter-Kling verfasserin aut Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season. Medicine R Science Q Andrew de Blocq verfasserin aut Christina Hagen verfasserin aut Craig Harding verfasserin aut Taryn Morris verfasserin aut Lorien Pichegru verfasserin aut Jennifer Roberts verfasserin aut Peter G. Ryan verfasserin aut Ross M. Wanless verfasserin aut Alistair McInnes verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2022 1 13
allfields_unstemmed	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w doi (DE-627)DOAJ042015464 (DE-599)DOAJc3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Tegan Carpenter-Kling verfasserin aut Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season. Medicine R Science Q Andrew de Blocq verfasserin aut Christina Hagen verfasserin aut Craig Harding verfasserin aut Taryn Morris verfasserin aut Lorien Pichegru verfasserin aut Jennifer Roberts verfasserin aut Peter G. Ryan verfasserin aut Ross M. Wanless verfasserin aut Alistair McInnes verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2022 1 13
allfieldsGer	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w doi (DE-627)DOAJ042015464 (DE-599)DOAJc3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Tegan Carpenter-Kling verfasserin aut Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season. Medicine R Science Q Andrew de Blocq verfasserin aut Christina Hagen verfasserin aut Craig Harding verfasserin aut Taryn Morris verfasserin aut Lorien Pichegru verfasserin aut Jennifer Roberts verfasserin aut Peter G. Ryan verfasserin aut Ross M. Wanless verfasserin aut Alistair McInnes verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2022 1 13
allfieldsSound	10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w doi (DE-627)DOAJ042015464 (DE-599)DOAJc3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Tegan Carpenter-Kling verfasserin aut Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season. Medicine R Science Q Andrew de Blocq verfasserin aut Christina Hagen verfasserin aut Craig Harding verfasserin aut Taryn Morris verfasserin aut Lorien Pichegru verfasserin aut Jennifer Roberts verfasserin aut Peter G. Ryan verfasserin aut Ross M. Wanless verfasserin aut Alistair McInnes verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2022 1 13
language	English
source	In Scientific Reports 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13
sourceStr	In Scientific Reports 12(2022), 1, Seite 13 volume:12 year:2022 number:1 pages:13
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container_title	Scientific Reports
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Tegan Carpenter-Kling @@aut@@ Andrew de Blocq @@aut@@ Christina Hagen @@aut@@ Craig Harding @@aut@@ Taryn Morris @@aut@@ Lorien Pichegru @@aut@@ Jennifer Roberts @@aut@@ Peter G. Ryan @@aut@@ Ross M. Wanless @@aut@@ Alistair McInnes @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
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author	Tegan Carpenter-Kling
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topic_title	Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
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title	Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
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title_full	Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
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author_browse	Tegan Carpenter-Kling Andrew de Blocq Christina Hagen Craig Harding Taryn Morris Lorien Pichegru Jennifer Roberts Peter G. Ryan Ross M. Wanless Alistair McInnes
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title_sort	important marine areas for endangered african penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
title_auth	Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
abstract	Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season.
abstractGer	Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract The population of the Endangered African penguin Spheniscus demersus has decreased by < 65% in the last 20 years. A major driver of this decrease has been the reduced availability of their principal prey, sardine Sardinops sagax and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus. To date, conservation efforts to improve prey availability have focused on spatial management strategies to reduce resource competition with purse-seine fisheries during the breeding season. However, penguins also undergo an annual catastrophic moult when they are unable to feed for several weeks. Before moulting they must accumulate sufficient energy stores to survive this critical life-history stage. Using GPS tracking data collected between 2012 and 2019, we identify important foraging areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins at three of their major colonies in South Africa: Dassen Island and Stony Point (Western Cape) and Bird Island (Eastern Cape). The foraging ranges of pre- and post-moult adult African penguins (c. 600 km from colony) was far greater than that previously observed for breeding penguins (c. 50 km from colony) and varied considerably between sites, years and pre- and post-moult stages. Despite their more extensive range during the non-breeding season, waters within 20 and 50 km of their breeding colonies were used intensively and represent important foraging areas to pre- and post-moult penguins. Furthermore, penguins in the Western Cape travelled significantly further than those in the Eastern Cape which is likely a reflection of the poor prey availability along the west coast of South Africa. Our findings identify important marine areas for pre- and post-moult African penguins and support for the expansion of fisheries-related spatio-temporal management strategies to help conserve African penguins outside the breeding season.
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title_short	Important marine areas for endangered African penguins before and after the crucial stage of moulting
url	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12969-w https://doaj.org/article/c3bb21d4b60647f1930022d2632dc31b https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322
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author2	Andrew de Blocq Christina Hagen Craig Harding Taryn Morris Lorien Pichegru Jennifer Roberts Peter G. Ryan Ross M. Wanless Alistair McInnes
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