Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted s...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Eleonora Di Salvo [verfasserIn] Marco Casciaro [verfasserIn] Sebastiano Quartuccio [verfasserIn] Lucrezia Genovese [verfasserIn] Sebastiano Gangemi [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Biomolecules - MDPI AG, 2013, 9(2018), 1, p 2
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2018 ; number:1, p 2

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/biom9010002

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ043191398

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520			\|a Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders.
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matchkey_str	article:2218273X:2018----::olrisaeptniloenuimpcrmiodrpt
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allfields	10.3390/biom9010002 doi (DE-627)DOAJ043191398 (DE-599)DOAJ28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Eleonora Di Salvo verfasserin aut Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders. autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology Marco Casciaro verfasserin aut Sebastiano Quartuccio verfasserin aut Lucrezia Genovese verfasserin aut Sebastiano Gangemi verfasserin aut In Biomolecules MDPI AG, 2013 9(2018), 1, p 2 (DE-627)735688915 (DE-600)2701262-1 2218273X nnns volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010002 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/1/2 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2018 1, p 2
spelling	10.3390/biom9010002 doi (DE-627)DOAJ043191398 (DE-599)DOAJ28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Eleonora Di Salvo verfasserin aut Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders. autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology Marco Casciaro verfasserin aut Sebastiano Quartuccio verfasserin aut Lucrezia Genovese verfasserin aut Sebastiano Gangemi verfasserin aut In Biomolecules MDPI AG, 2013 9(2018), 1, p 2 (DE-627)735688915 (DE-600)2701262-1 2218273X nnns volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010002 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/1/2 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2018 1, p 2
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/biom9010002 doi (DE-627)DOAJ043191398 (DE-599)DOAJ28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Eleonora Di Salvo verfasserin aut Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders. autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology Marco Casciaro verfasserin aut Sebastiano Quartuccio verfasserin aut Lucrezia Genovese verfasserin aut Sebastiano Gangemi verfasserin aut In Biomolecules MDPI AG, 2013 9(2018), 1, p 2 (DE-627)735688915 (DE-600)2701262-1 2218273X nnns volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010002 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/1/2 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2018 1, p 2
allfieldsGer	10.3390/biom9010002 doi (DE-627)DOAJ043191398 (DE-599)DOAJ28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Eleonora Di Salvo verfasserin aut Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders. autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology Marco Casciaro verfasserin aut Sebastiano Quartuccio verfasserin aut Lucrezia Genovese verfasserin aut Sebastiano Gangemi verfasserin aut In Biomolecules MDPI AG, 2013 9(2018), 1, p 2 (DE-627)735688915 (DE-600)2701262-1 2218273X nnns volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010002 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/1/2 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2018 1, p 2
allfieldsSound	10.3390/biom9010002 doi (DE-627)DOAJ043191398 (DE-599)DOAJ28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Eleonora Di Salvo verfasserin aut Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders. autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology Marco Casciaro verfasserin aut Sebastiano Quartuccio verfasserin aut Lucrezia Genovese verfasserin aut Sebastiano Gangemi verfasserin aut In Biomolecules MDPI AG, 2013 9(2018), 1, p 2 (DE-627)735688915 (DE-600)2701262-1 2218273X nnns volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010002 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/28323f8d5fa44da69ba73c2534d6bea5 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/1/2 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2018 1, p 2
language	English
source	In Biomolecules 9(2018), 1, p 2 volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2
sourceStr	In Biomolecules 9(2018), 1, p 2 volume:9 year:2018 number:1, p 2
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institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation Microbiology
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container_title	Biomolecules
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Eleonora Di Salvo @@aut@@ Marco Casciaro @@aut@@ Sebastiano Quartuccio @@aut@@ Lucrezia Genovese @@aut@@ Sebastiano Gangemi @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Eleonora Di Salvo
spellingShingle	Eleonora Di Salvo misc QR1-502 misc autism misc alarmins misc autism spectrum disorder misc S100 misc HMGB-1 misc HSP misc IL-33 misc immune system misc inflammation misc Microbiology Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?
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topic_title	QR1-502 Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? autism alarmins autism spectrum disorder S100 HMGB-1 HSP IL-33 immune system inflammation
topic	misc QR1-502 misc autism misc alarmins misc autism spectrum disorder misc S100 misc HMGB-1 misc HSP misc IL-33 misc immune system misc inflammation misc Microbiology
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title	Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?
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title_sort	do alarmins have a potential role in autism spectrum disorders pathogenesis and progression?
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title_auth	Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?
abstract	Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders.
abstractGer	Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders.
abstract_unstemmed	Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a disabling condition in early childhood. A number of risk factors were proposed in order to explain their pathogenesis. A multifactorial model was proposed, and data supported the implication of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most accepted speculations is the existence of an imbalance of the immune system. Altered levels of cytokines, chemokines and immunoglobulins were demonstrated in patients with ASDs; in particular, proinflammatory mediators were significantly increased. Alarmins are a multifunctional heterogeneous group of proteins, structurally belonging to specific cells or incorporated by them. They are released in the surrounding tissues as a consequence of cell damage or inflammation. Their functions are multiple as they could activate innate immunity or recruit and activate antigen-presenting cells stimulating an adaptive response. Alarmins are interesting both for understanding the inflammatory process and for diagnostic purposes as biomarkers. Moreover, recent studies, separately, showed that alarmins like interleukin (IL)-33, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), heat-shock protein (HSP) and S100 protein (S100) could play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of ASDs. According to the literature, some of these alarmins could be suitable as biomarkers of inflammation in ASD. Other alarmins, by interfering with the immune system blocking pro-inflammatory mediators, could be the key for ameliorating symptoms and behaviours in autistic disorders.
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title_short	Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?
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Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?

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