Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013

China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Longjian Liu [verfasserIn] Xuan Yang [verfasserIn] Hui Liu [verfasserIn] Mingquan Wang [verfasserIn] Seth Welles [verfasserIn] Shannon Márquez [verfasserIn] Arthur Frank [verfasserIn] Charles N Haas [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2016

Schlagwörter:	Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Public Health - Frontiers Media S.A., 2013, 4(2016)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:4 ; year:2016

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ045659087

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520			\|a China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country.
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allfields	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 doi (DE-627)DOAJ045659087 (DE-599)DOAJf8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Longjian Liu verfasserin aut Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis Public aspects of medicine Xuan Yang verfasserin aut Hui Liu verfasserin aut Mingquan Wang verfasserin aut Seth Welles verfasserin aut Shannon Márquez verfasserin aut Arthur Frank verfasserin aut Charles N Haas verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Public Health Frontiers Media S.A., 2013 4(2016) (DE-627)742224589 (DE-600)2711781-9 22962565 nnns volume:4 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2016
spelling	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 doi (DE-627)DOAJ045659087 (DE-599)DOAJf8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Longjian Liu verfasserin aut Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis Public aspects of medicine Xuan Yang verfasserin aut Hui Liu verfasserin aut Mingquan Wang verfasserin aut Seth Welles verfasserin aut Shannon Márquez verfasserin aut Arthur Frank verfasserin aut Charles N Haas verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Public Health Frontiers Media S.A., 2013 4(2016) (DE-627)742224589 (DE-600)2711781-9 22962565 nnns volume:4 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2016
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 doi (DE-627)DOAJ045659087 (DE-599)DOAJf8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Longjian Liu verfasserin aut Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis Public aspects of medicine Xuan Yang verfasserin aut Hui Liu verfasserin aut Mingquan Wang verfasserin aut Seth Welles verfasserin aut Shannon Márquez verfasserin aut Arthur Frank verfasserin aut Charles N Haas verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Public Health Frontiers Media S.A., 2013 4(2016) (DE-627)742224589 (DE-600)2711781-9 22962565 nnns volume:4 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2016
allfieldsGer	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 doi (DE-627)DOAJ045659087 (DE-599)DOAJf8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Longjian Liu verfasserin aut Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis Public aspects of medicine Xuan Yang verfasserin aut Hui Liu verfasserin aut Mingquan Wang verfasserin aut Seth Welles verfasserin aut Shannon Márquez verfasserin aut Arthur Frank verfasserin aut Charles N Haas verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Public Health Frontiers Media S.A., 2013 4(2016) (DE-627)742224589 (DE-600)2711781-9 22962565 nnns volume:4 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2016
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 doi (DE-627)DOAJ045659087 (DE-599)DOAJf8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Longjian Liu verfasserin aut Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country. Air Pollution China Climate Change climate variability Healthy city Spatial temporal analysis Public aspects of medicine Xuan Yang verfasserin aut Hui Liu verfasserin aut Mingquan Wang verfasserin aut Seth Welles verfasserin aut Shannon Márquez verfasserin aut Arthur Frank verfasserin aut Charles N Haas verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Public Health Frontiers Media S.A., 2013 4(2016) (DE-627)742224589 (DE-600)2711781-9 22962565 nnns volume:4 year:2016 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a kostenfrei http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2016
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Longjian Liu @@aut@@ Xuan Yang @@aut@@ Hui Liu @@aut@@ Mingquan Wang @@aut@@ Seth Welles @@aut@@ Shannon Márquez @@aut@@ Arthur Frank @@aut@@ Charles N Haas @@aut@@
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author	Longjian Liu
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title	Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013
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title_full	Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013
author_sort	Longjian Liu
journal	Frontiers in Public Health
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author_browse	Longjian Liu Xuan Yang Hui Liu Mingquan Wang Seth Welles Shannon Márquez Arthur Frank Charles N Haas
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doi_str_mv	10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143
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title_sort	spatial-temporal analysis of air pollution, climate change and total mortality in 120 cities of china, 2012 - 2013
callnumber	RA1-1270
title_auth	Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013
abstract	China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country.
abstractGer	China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country.
abstract_unstemmed	China has had a rapid increase in its economy over the past 3 decades. However, the economic boom came at the cost of depleting air quality. In the study, we aimed to examine the burden of air pollution and its association with climatic factors and health outcomes using data from Chinese national and city level air quality and public health surveillance systems. City-level daily air pollution index (API, a sum weighted index of SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and Ozone) in 120 cities in 2012 and 2013, and its association with climate factors were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and panel fixed models. City-level ecological association between annual average API and total mortality were examined using univariate and partial correlation analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by taking the consideration of time-lag effect between exposures and outcomes. The results show that among the 120 cities, annual average API significantly increased from 2012 to 2013 (65.05 vs. 75.99, p<0.0001). The highest average API was in winter, and the lowest in summer. A significantly spatial clustering of elevated API was observed, with the highest API in northwest China in 2012, and with the highest in east China in 2013. In 2012, 5 (4%) of the 120 cities had ≥60 days with API <100 (defined as ‘slightly polluted’), however, it increased to 21 cities (18%) that experienced API <100 for ≥60 days in 2013. Furthermore, 16 cities (13%) in 2012 and 35 (29%) in 2013 experienced a maximum API <300 (defined as ‘severely polluted’). API was negatively and significantly correlated with heat index, precipitation and sunshine hours, but positively with air pressure. Cities with higher API concentrations had significantly higher total mortality rates than those with lower API. About a 4% to 7% of the variation in total mortality could be explained by the difference in API across the nation. In conclusion, the study highlights an increased trend of air pollution from 2012 to 2013 in China. The magnitude of air pollution vary by seasons and regions, and correlated with climatic factors and total mortality across the country.
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title_short	Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Total Mortality in 120 Cities of China, 2012 - 2013
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143 https://doaj.org/article/f8dc9d295289423aa3c8a8138c614b8a http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00143/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-2565
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author2	Xuan Yang Hui Liu Mingquan Wang Seth Welles Shannon Márquez Arthur Frank Charles N Haas
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