A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs
In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill sc...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Kai Chen [verfasserIn] Jun Liu [verfasserIn] Jinsong Chen [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2018 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: IEEE Access - IEEE, 2014, 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:6 ; year:2018 ; pages:29013-29025 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ049810022 |
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520 | |a In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. | ||
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10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 doi (DE-627)DOAJ049810022 (DE-599)DOAJ3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Kai Chen verfasserin aut A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Jun Liu verfasserin aut Jinsong Chen verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:6 year:2018 pages:29013-29025 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8357764/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2018 29013-29025 |
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10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 doi (DE-627)DOAJ049810022 (DE-599)DOAJ3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Kai Chen verfasserin aut A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Jun Liu verfasserin aut Jinsong Chen verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:6 year:2018 pages:29013-29025 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8357764/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2018 29013-29025 |
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10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 doi (DE-627)DOAJ049810022 (DE-599)DOAJ3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Kai Chen verfasserin aut A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Jun Liu verfasserin aut Jinsong Chen verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:6 year:2018 pages:29013-29025 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8357764/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2018 29013-29025 |
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10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 doi (DE-627)DOAJ049810022 (DE-599)DOAJ3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Kai Chen verfasserin aut A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Jun Liu verfasserin aut Jinsong Chen verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:6 year:2018 pages:29013-29025 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8357764/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2018 29013-29025 |
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10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 doi (DE-627)DOAJ049810022 (DE-599)DOAJ3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK1-9971 Kai Chen verfasserin aut A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Jun Liu verfasserin aut Jinsong Chen verfasserin aut In IEEE Access IEEE, 2014 6(2018), Seite 29013-29025 (DE-627)728440385 (DE-600)2687964-5 21693536 nnns volume:6 year:2018 pages:29013-29025 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2835440 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/3f795262f4a94affae094f7542f9f5a9 kostenfrei https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8357764/ kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 6 2018 29013-29025 |
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TK1-9971 A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) rainfall shape verification shape matching QPF error |
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A New Shape Matching-Based Verification Approach for QPFs |
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In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. |
abstractGer |
In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. |
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In this paper, a novel systematic method on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) errors from the perspective of rain-area shape verification is proposed. The method aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of conventional station-based verifications (i.e., standard skill scores), which are insensitive to the biases of station location and rain-area shape and tend to ignore the continuity of precipitation in time and space. The method develops and combines the shape verification indexes, which include the overlap ratio of a forecasted rain-area (Ratio<sub<f</sub<), the overlap ratio of the ground rainarea (Ratio<sub<t</sub<), the Jaccard similarity coefficient between the shape of the QPF area, the shape of the ground rain-area (Jaccard<sub<shape</sub<), the critical success index (CSI) for the rain-area shape (CSI<sub<shape</sub<), the probability of detection (POD) for the rain-area shape (POD<sub<shape</sub<), and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the rain-area shape (FAR<sub<shape</sub<). This definition of QPF verification is applied to a rain event from 2016/08/02 00:30 to 2016/08/02 03:24 in the Guangdong Province. The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective. |
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The decomposition of QPF errors into station-based errors and shape error components provides powerful insight into the effects of overall forecasting performance. The experimental results of this investigation show that the proposed method provides an opportunity to assess QPFs objectively and further promote advanced forecasting technologies from this perspective.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">rainfall shape verification</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">shape matching</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">QPF error</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Electrical engineering. Electronics. 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