Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the dia...
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Autor*in:	Hsiao-Yu Yang [verfasserIn] Wan-Chin Chen [verfasserIn] Rodger-Chen Tsai [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Biosensors - MDPI AG, 2012, 11(2021), 11, p 469
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2021 ; number:11, p 469

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/bios11110469

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ052892077

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520			\|a (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized.
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allfields	10.3390/bios11110469 doi (DE-627)DOAJ052892077 (DE-599)DOAJ33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Hsiao-Yu Yang verfasserin aut Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized. volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology Wan-Chin Chen verfasserin aut Rodger-Chen Tsai verfasserin aut In Biosensors MDPI AG, 2012 11(2021), 11, p 469 (DE-627)718626451 (DE-600)2662125-3 20796374 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 11, p 469
spelling	10.3390/bios11110469 doi (DE-627)DOAJ052892077 (DE-599)DOAJ33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Hsiao-Yu Yang verfasserin aut Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized. volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology Wan-Chin Chen verfasserin aut Rodger-Chen Tsai verfasserin aut In Biosensors MDPI AG, 2012 11(2021), 11, p 469 (DE-627)718626451 (DE-600)2662125-3 20796374 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 11, p 469
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/bios11110469 doi (DE-627)DOAJ052892077 (DE-599)DOAJ33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Hsiao-Yu Yang verfasserin aut Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized. volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology Wan-Chin Chen verfasserin aut Rodger-Chen Tsai verfasserin aut In Biosensors MDPI AG, 2012 11(2021), 11, p 469 (DE-627)718626451 (DE-600)2662125-3 20796374 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 11, p 469
allfieldsGer	10.3390/bios11110469 doi (DE-627)DOAJ052892077 (DE-599)DOAJ33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Hsiao-Yu Yang verfasserin aut Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized. volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology Wan-Chin Chen verfasserin aut Rodger-Chen Tsai verfasserin aut In Biosensors MDPI AG, 2012 11(2021), 11, p 469 (DE-627)718626451 (DE-600)2662125-3 20796374 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 11, p 469
allfieldsSound	10.3390/bios11110469 doi (DE-627)DOAJ052892077 (DE-599)DOAJ33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Hsiao-Yu Yang verfasserin aut Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier (1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized. volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology Wan-Chin Chen verfasserin aut Rodger-Chen Tsai verfasserin aut In Biosensors MDPI AG, 2012 11(2021), 11, p 469 (DE-627)718626451 (DE-600)2662125-3 20796374 nnns volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11110469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/33a97dd54e1e45b0bbb37f9421370afc kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/11/11/469 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-6374 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2021 11, p 469
language	English
source	In Biosensors 11(2021), 11, p 469 volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469
sourceStr	In Biosensors 11(2021), 11, p 469 volume:11 year:2021 number:11, p 469
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics Biotechnology
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container_title	Biosensors
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Hsiao-Yu Yang @@aut@@ Wan-Chin Chen @@aut@@ Rodger-Chen Tsai @@aut@@
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The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. 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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Hsiao-Yu Yang
spellingShingle	Hsiao-Yu Yang misc TP248.13-248.65 misc volatile organic compound misc electronic nose misc sensors misc breath test misc breathomics misc Biotechnology Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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topic_title	TP248.13-248.65 Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis volatile organic compound electronic nose sensors breath test breathomics
topic	misc TP248.13-248.65 misc volatile organic compound misc electronic nose misc sensors misc breath test misc breathomics misc Biotechnology
topic_unstemmed	misc TP248.13-248.65 misc volatile organic compound misc electronic nose misc sensors misc breath test misc breathomics misc Biotechnology
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title	Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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title_full	Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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author_browse	Hsiao-Yu Yang Wan-Chin Chen Rodger-Chen Tsai
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title_sort	accuracy of the electronic nose breath tests in clinical application: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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title_auth	Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
abstract	(1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized.
abstractGer	(1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized.
abstract_unstemmed	(1) Background: An electronic nose applies a sensor array to detect volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath to diagnose diseases. The overall diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. The objective of this review was to provide an estimate of the diagnostic accuracy of sensor-based breath tests for the diagnosis of diseases. (2) Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between 1 January 2010 and 14 October 2021. The search was limited to human studies published in the English language. Clinical trials were not included in this review. (3) Results: Of the 2418 records identified, 44 publications were eligible, and 5728 patients were included in the final analyses. The pooled sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 86.3–92.8%, I<sup<2</sup< = 47.7%), the specificity was 88.4% (95% CI, 87.1–89.5%, I<sup<2</sup< = 81.4%), and the pooled area under the curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95). (4) Conclusion: The findings of our review suggest that a standardized report of diagnostic accuracy and a report of the accuracy in a test set are needed. Sensor array systems of electronic noses have the potential for noninvasiveness at the point-of-care in hospitals. Nevertheless, the procedure for reporting the accuracy of a diagnostic test must be standardized.
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title_short	Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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