Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different glo...
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Autor*in:	Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. [verfasserIn] Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc. [verfasserIn] Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D. [verfasserIn] Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D. [verfasserIn] Lucas A Hof, Ph.D. [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Annals of 3D Printed Medicine - Elsevier, 2021, 3(2021), Seite 100023-
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:3 ; year:2021 ; pages:100023-

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ054721881

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520			\|a The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer.
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allfields_unstemmed	10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 doi (DE-627)DOAJ054721881 (DE-599)DOAJ69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R855-855.5 Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer. 3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic Medical technology Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc. verfasserin aut Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Lucas A Hof, Ph.D. verfasserin aut In Annals of 3D Printed Medicine Elsevier, 2021 3(2021), Seite 100023- (DE-627)1759893900 26669641 nnns volume:3 year:2021 pages:100023- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666964121000187 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2666-9641 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2021 100023-
allfieldsGer	10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 doi (DE-627)DOAJ054721881 (DE-599)DOAJ69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R855-855.5 Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer. 3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic Medical technology Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc. verfasserin aut Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Lucas A Hof, Ph.D. verfasserin aut In Annals of 3D Printed Medicine Elsevier, 2021 3(2021), Seite 100023- (DE-627)1759893900 26669641 nnns volume:3 year:2021 pages:100023- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666964121000187 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2666-9641 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2021 100023-
allfieldsSound	10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 doi (DE-627)DOAJ054721881 (DE-599)DOAJ69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R855-855.5 Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer. 3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic Medical technology Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc. verfasserin aut Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D. verfasserin aut Lucas A Hof, Ph.D. verfasserin aut In Annals of 3D Printed Medicine Elsevier, 2021 3(2021), Seite 100023- (DE-627)1759893900 26669641 nnns volume:3 year:2021 pages:100023- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666964121000187 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2666-9641 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2021 100023-
language	English
source	In Annals of 3D Printed Medicine 3(2021), Seite 100023- volume:3 year:2021 pages:100023-
sourceStr	In Annals of 3D Printed Medicine 3(2021), Seite 100023- volume:3 year:2021 pages:100023-
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic Medical technology
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Annals of 3D Printed Medicine
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. @@aut@@ Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc. @@aut@@ Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D. @@aut@@ Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D. @@aut@@ Lucas A Hof, Ph.D. @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	1759893900
id	DOAJ054721881
language_de	englisch
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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Jacopo Profili, Ph.D.
spellingShingle	Jacopo Profili, Ph.D. misc R855-855.5 misc 3D printed adapters misc Non-invasive ventilation systems misc Rapid prototyping misc Full-face snorkeling masks misc Fused deposition modelling misc COVID-19 pandemic misc Medical technology Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study
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topic_title	R855-855.5 Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study 3D printed adapters Non-invasive ventilation systems Rapid prototyping Full-face snorkeling masks Fused deposition modelling COVID-19 pandemic
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title	Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study
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title_full	Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study
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title_sort	use of 3d printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the covid-19 era: a preliminary technical case-study
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title_auth	Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study
abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer.
abstractGer	The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer.
abstract_unstemmed	The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe shortages of personal protection equipment and non-invasive ventilation devices. As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer.
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title_short	Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study
url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stlm.2021.100023 https://doaj.org/article/69ee39be2f8a420da20c6dc2db589a3c http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666964121000187 https://doaj.org/toc/2666-9641
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As traditional supply chains could not meet up with the demand, makeshift solutions were developed and locally manufactured by rapid prototyping networks. Among the different global initiatives, retrofitting of full-face snorkeling masks for Non-Invasive-Ventilation (NIV) applications seems the most challenging. This article provides a systematic overview of rapid prototyped - 3D printed - designs that enable attachment of medical equipment to snorkeling masks, highlighting potential and challenges in additive manufacturing. The different NIV connector designs are compared on low-cost 3D fabrication time and costs, which allows a rapid assessment of developed connectors for health care workers in urgent need of retrofitting snorkeling masks for NIV purposes. Challenges and safety issues of the rapid prototyping approach for healthcare applications during the pandemic are discussed as well. When critical parameters such as the final product cost, geographical availability of the feedstock and the 3D printers and the medical efficiency of the rapid prototyped products are well considered before deploying decentralized 3D printing as manufacturing method, this rapid prototyping strategy contributed to reduce personal protective equipment and NIV shortages during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also concluded that it is crucial to carefully optimize material and printer parameter settings to realize best fitting and airtight connector-mask connections, which is heavily depending on the chosen feedstock and type of printer.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">3D printed adapters</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Non-invasive ventilation systems</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Rapid prototyping</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Full-face snorkeling masks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Fused deposition modelling</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">COVID-19 pandemic</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Medical technology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rafael Brunet, B.A.Sc.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Émilie L Dubois, Ph.D.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Vincent Groenhuis, Ph.D.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lucas A Hof, Ph.D.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">In</subfield><subfield code="t">Annals of 3D Printed Medicine</subfield><subfield code="d">Elsevier, 2021</subfield><subfield code="g">3(2021), Seite 100023-</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-627)1759893900</subfield><subfield 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Use of 3D printed connectors to redesign full face snorkeling masks in the COVID-19 era: A preliminary technical case-study

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