<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field

Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Ofir Degani [verfasserIn] Onn Rabinovitz [verfasserIn] Paz Becher [verfasserIn] Asaf Gordani [verfasserIn] Assaf Chen [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	biological control crop protection field assay fungus

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Journal of Fungi - MDPI AG, 2015, 7(2021), 6, p 444
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:7 ; year:2021 ; number:6, p 444

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/jof7060444

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ057886652

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520			\|a Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD.
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allfields	10.3390/jof7060444 doi (DE-627)DOAJ057886652 (DE-599)DOAJ343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani verfasserin aut <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General) Onn Rabinovitz verfasserin aut Paz Becher verfasserin aut Asaf Gordani verfasserin aut Assaf Chen verfasserin aut In Journal of Fungi MDPI AG, 2015 7(2021), 6, p 444 (DE-627)796588538 (DE-600)2784229-0 2309608X nnns volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/6/444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2021 6, p 444
spelling	10.3390/jof7060444 doi (DE-627)DOAJ057886652 (DE-599)DOAJ343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani verfasserin aut <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General) Onn Rabinovitz verfasserin aut Paz Becher verfasserin aut Asaf Gordani verfasserin aut Assaf Chen verfasserin aut In Journal of Fungi MDPI AG, 2015 7(2021), 6, p 444 (DE-627)796588538 (DE-600)2784229-0 2309608X nnns volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/6/444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2021 6, p 444
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/jof7060444 doi (DE-627)DOAJ057886652 (DE-599)DOAJ343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani verfasserin aut <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General) Onn Rabinovitz verfasserin aut Paz Becher verfasserin aut Asaf Gordani verfasserin aut Assaf Chen verfasserin aut In Journal of Fungi MDPI AG, 2015 7(2021), 6, p 444 (DE-627)796588538 (DE-600)2784229-0 2309608X nnns volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/6/444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2021 6, p 444
allfieldsGer	10.3390/jof7060444 doi (DE-627)DOAJ057886652 (DE-599)DOAJ343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani verfasserin aut <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General) Onn Rabinovitz verfasserin aut Paz Becher verfasserin aut Asaf Gordani verfasserin aut Assaf Chen verfasserin aut In Journal of Fungi MDPI AG, 2015 7(2021), 6, p 444 (DE-627)796588538 (DE-600)2784229-0 2309608X nnns volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/6/444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2021 6, p 444
allfieldsSound	10.3390/jof7060444 doi (DE-627)DOAJ057886652 (DE-599)DOAJ343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani verfasserin aut <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD. biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General) Onn Rabinovitz verfasserin aut Paz Becher verfasserin aut Asaf Gordani verfasserin aut Assaf Chen verfasserin aut In Journal of Fungi MDPI AG, 2015 7(2021), 6, p 444 (DE-627)796588538 (DE-600)2784229-0 2309608X nnns volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/343976ae726a4b30a1fa912cd6fcbfb0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/6/444 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2021 6, p 444
language	English
source	In Journal of Fungi 7(2021), 6, p 444 volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444
sourceStr	In Journal of Fungi 7(2021), 6, p 444 volume:7 year:2021 number:6, p 444
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i< Biology (General)
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Journal of Fungi
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Ofir Degani @@aut@@ Onn Rabinovitz @@aut@@ Paz Becher @@aut@@ Asaf Gordani @@aut@@ Assaf Chen @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	796588538
id	DOAJ057886652
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Ofir Degani
spellingShingle	Ofir Degani misc QH301-705.5 misc biological control misc <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< misc crop protection misc field assay misc fungus misc <i<Harpophora maydis</i< misc Biology (General) <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field
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topic_title	QH301-705.5 <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field biological control <i<Cephalosporium maydis</i< crop protection field assay fungus <i<Harpophora maydis</i<
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title	<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field
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title_full	<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field
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title_sort	<i<trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<trichoderma asperellum</i< confer growth promotion and protection against late wilt disease in the field
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title_auth	<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field
abstract	Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD.
abstractGer	Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD.
abstract_unstemmed	Late wilt disease (LWD) of maize, caused by <i<Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i<, is considered a major threat to commercial fields in Israel, Egypt, Spain, and India. Today’s control methods include chemical and agronomical intervention but rely almost solely on resistant maize cultivars. In recent years, LWD research focused on eco-friendly biological approaches to restrain the pathogen. The current study conducted during two growing seasons explores the potential of three <i<Trichoderma</i< species as bioprotective treatments against LWD. These species excelled in preliminary assays performed previously under controlled conditions and were applied here in the field by directly adding them to each seed with the sowing. In the first field experiment, <i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< successfully rescued the plants’ growth indices (weight and height) compared to <i<T.</i< <i<asperelloides</i< and the non-treated control. However, it had no positive effect on yield and disease progression. In the subsequent season, this <i<Trichoderma</i< species was tested against <i<T. asperellum,</i< an endophyte isolated from susceptible maize cultivar. This experiment was conducted during a rainy autumn season, which probably led to a weak disease burst. Under these conditions, the plants in all treatment groups were vivid and had similar growth progression and yields. Nevertheless, a close symptoms inspection revealed that the <i<T. longibrachiatum</i< treatment resulted in a two-fold reduction in the lower stem symptoms and a 1.4-fold reduction in the cob symptoms at the end of the seasons. <i<T.</i< <i<asperellum</i< achieved 1.6- and 1.3-fold improvement in these parameters, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen in the host plants’ first internode supported the symptoms’ evaluation, with 3.1- and 4.9-fold lower <i<M. maydis</i< DNA levels in the two <i<Trichoderma</i< treatments. In order to induce LWD under the autumn’s less favorable conditions, some of the plots in each treatment were inoculated additionally, 20 days after sowing, by stabbing the lower stem section near the ground with a wooden toothpick dipped in <i<M. maydis</i< mycelia. This infection method overrides the <i<Trichoderma</i< roots protection and almost abolishes the biocontrol treatments’ protective achievements. This study suggests a biological <i<Trichoderma</i<-based protective layer that may have significant value in mild cases of LWD.
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title_short	<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field
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<i<Trichoderma longibrachiatum</i< and <i<Trichoderma asperellum</i< Confer Growth Promotion and Protection against Late Wilt Disease in the Field

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