The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment.
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both...
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2013 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: PLoS ONE - Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007, 8(2013), 4, p e60542 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:8 ; year:2013 ; number:4, p e60542 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ060710322 |
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| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
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| 520 | |a Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. | ||
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10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 doi (DE-627)DOAJ060710322 (DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthijs J H M van der Loos verfasserin aut The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. Medicine R Science Q Cornelius A Rietveld verfasserin aut Niina Eklund verfasserin aut Philipp D Koellinger verfasserin aut Fernando Rivadeneira verfasserin aut Gonçalo R Abecasis verfasserin aut Georgina A Ankra-Badu verfasserin aut Sebastian E Baumeister verfasserin aut Daniel J Benjamin verfasserin aut Reiner Biffar verfasserin aut Stefan Blankenberg verfasserin aut Dorret I Boomsma verfasserin aut David Cesarini verfasserin aut Francesco Cucca verfasserin aut Eco J C de Geus verfasserin aut George Dedoussis verfasserin aut Panos Deloukas verfasserin aut Maria Dimitriou verfasserin aut Guðny Eiriksdottir verfasserin aut Johan Eriksson verfasserin aut Christian Gieger verfasserin aut Vilmundur Gudnason verfasserin aut Birgit Höhne verfasserin aut Rolf Holle verfasserin aut Jouke-Jan Hottenga verfasserin aut Aaron Isaacs verfasserin aut Marjo-Riitta Järvelin verfasserin aut Magnus Johannesson verfasserin aut Marika Kaakinen verfasserin aut Mika Kähönen verfasserin aut Stavroula Kanoni verfasserin aut Maarit A Laaksonen verfasserin aut Jari Lahti verfasserin aut Lenore J Launer verfasserin aut Terho Lehtimäki verfasserin aut Marisa Loitfelder verfasserin aut Patrik K E Magnusson verfasserin aut Silvia Naitza verfasserin aut Ben A Oostra verfasserin aut Markus Perola verfasserin aut Katja Petrovic verfasserin aut Lydia Quaye verfasserin aut Olli Raitakari verfasserin aut Samuli Ripatti verfasserin aut Paul Scheet verfasserin aut David Schlessinger verfasserin aut Carsten O Schmidt verfasserin aut Helena Schmidt verfasserin aut Reinhold Schmidt verfasserin aut Andrea Senft verfasserin aut Albert V Smith verfasserin aut Timothy D Spector verfasserin aut Ida Surakka verfasserin aut Rauli Svento verfasserin aut Antonio Terracciano verfasserin aut Emmi Tikkanen verfasserin aut Cornelia M van Duijn verfasserin aut Jorma Viikari verfasserin aut Henry Völzke verfasserin aut H-Erich Wichmann verfasserin aut Philipp S Wild verfasserin aut Sara M Willems verfasserin aut Gonneke Willemsen verfasserin aut Frank J A van Rooij verfasserin aut Patrick J F Groenen verfasserin aut André G Uitterlinden verfasserin aut Albert Hofman verfasserin aut A Roy Thurik verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 8(2013), 4, p e60542 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:8 year:2013 number:4, p e60542 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b kostenfrei https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBI kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2013 4, p e60542 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 doi (DE-627)DOAJ060710322 (DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthijs J H M van der Loos verfasserin aut The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. Medicine R Science Q Cornelius A Rietveld verfasserin aut Niina Eklund verfasserin aut Philipp D Koellinger verfasserin aut Fernando Rivadeneira verfasserin aut Gonçalo R Abecasis verfasserin aut Georgina A Ankra-Badu verfasserin aut Sebastian E Baumeister verfasserin aut Daniel J Benjamin verfasserin aut Reiner Biffar verfasserin aut Stefan Blankenberg verfasserin aut Dorret I Boomsma verfasserin aut David Cesarini verfasserin aut Francesco Cucca verfasserin aut Eco J C de Geus verfasserin aut George Dedoussis verfasserin aut Panos Deloukas verfasserin aut Maria Dimitriou verfasserin aut Guðny Eiriksdottir verfasserin aut Johan Eriksson verfasserin aut Christian Gieger verfasserin aut Vilmundur Gudnason verfasserin aut Birgit Höhne verfasserin aut Rolf Holle verfasserin aut Jouke-Jan Hottenga verfasserin aut Aaron Isaacs verfasserin aut Marjo-Riitta Järvelin verfasserin aut Magnus Johannesson verfasserin aut Marika Kaakinen verfasserin aut Mika Kähönen verfasserin aut Stavroula Kanoni verfasserin aut Maarit A Laaksonen verfasserin aut Jari Lahti verfasserin aut Lenore J Launer verfasserin aut Terho Lehtimäki verfasserin aut Marisa Loitfelder verfasserin aut Patrik K E Magnusson verfasserin aut Silvia Naitza verfasserin aut Ben A Oostra verfasserin aut Markus Perola verfasserin aut Katja Petrovic verfasserin aut Lydia Quaye verfasserin aut Olli Raitakari verfasserin aut Samuli Ripatti verfasserin aut Paul Scheet verfasserin aut David Schlessinger verfasserin aut Carsten O Schmidt verfasserin aut Helena Schmidt verfasserin aut Reinhold Schmidt verfasserin aut Andrea Senft verfasserin aut Albert V Smith verfasserin aut Timothy D Spector verfasserin aut Ida Surakka verfasserin aut Rauli Svento verfasserin aut Antonio Terracciano verfasserin aut Emmi Tikkanen verfasserin aut Cornelia M van Duijn verfasserin aut Jorma Viikari verfasserin aut Henry Völzke verfasserin aut H-Erich Wichmann verfasserin aut Philipp S Wild verfasserin aut Sara M Willems verfasserin aut Gonneke Willemsen verfasserin aut Frank J A van Rooij verfasserin aut Patrick J F Groenen verfasserin aut André G Uitterlinden verfasserin aut Albert Hofman verfasserin aut A Roy Thurik verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 8(2013), 4, p e60542 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:8 year:2013 number:4, p e60542 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b kostenfrei https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBI kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2013 4, p e60542 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 doi (DE-627)DOAJ060710322 (DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthijs J H M van der Loos verfasserin aut The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. Medicine R Science Q Cornelius A Rietveld verfasserin aut Niina Eklund verfasserin aut Philipp D Koellinger verfasserin aut Fernando Rivadeneira verfasserin aut Gonçalo R Abecasis verfasserin aut Georgina A Ankra-Badu verfasserin aut Sebastian E Baumeister verfasserin aut Daniel J Benjamin verfasserin aut Reiner Biffar verfasserin aut Stefan Blankenberg verfasserin aut Dorret I Boomsma verfasserin aut David Cesarini verfasserin aut Francesco Cucca verfasserin aut Eco J C de Geus verfasserin aut George Dedoussis verfasserin aut Panos Deloukas verfasserin aut Maria Dimitriou verfasserin aut Guðny Eiriksdottir verfasserin aut Johan Eriksson verfasserin aut Christian Gieger verfasserin aut Vilmundur Gudnason verfasserin aut Birgit Höhne verfasserin aut Rolf Holle verfasserin aut Jouke-Jan Hottenga verfasserin aut Aaron Isaacs verfasserin aut Marjo-Riitta Järvelin verfasserin aut Magnus Johannesson verfasserin aut Marika Kaakinen verfasserin aut Mika Kähönen verfasserin aut Stavroula Kanoni verfasserin aut Maarit A Laaksonen verfasserin aut Jari Lahti verfasserin aut Lenore J Launer verfasserin aut Terho Lehtimäki verfasserin aut Marisa Loitfelder verfasserin aut Patrik K E Magnusson verfasserin aut Silvia Naitza verfasserin aut Ben A Oostra verfasserin aut Markus Perola verfasserin aut Katja Petrovic verfasserin aut Lydia Quaye verfasserin aut Olli Raitakari verfasserin aut Samuli Ripatti verfasserin aut Paul Scheet verfasserin aut David Schlessinger verfasserin aut Carsten O Schmidt verfasserin aut Helena Schmidt verfasserin aut Reinhold Schmidt verfasserin aut Andrea Senft verfasserin aut Albert V Smith verfasserin aut Timothy D Spector verfasserin aut Ida Surakka verfasserin aut Rauli Svento verfasserin aut Antonio Terracciano verfasserin aut Emmi Tikkanen verfasserin aut Cornelia M van Duijn verfasserin aut Jorma Viikari verfasserin aut Henry Völzke verfasserin aut H-Erich Wichmann verfasserin aut Philipp S Wild verfasserin aut Sara M Willems verfasserin aut Gonneke Willemsen verfasserin aut Frank J A van Rooij verfasserin aut Patrick J F Groenen verfasserin aut André G Uitterlinden verfasserin aut Albert Hofman verfasserin aut A Roy Thurik verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 8(2013), 4, p e60542 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:8 year:2013 number:4, p e60542 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b kostenfrei https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBI kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2013 4, p e60542 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 doi (DE-627)DOAJ060710322 (DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthijs J H M van der Loos verfasserin aut The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. Medicine R Science Q Cornelius A Rietveld verfasserin aut Niina Eklund verfasserin aut Philipp D Koellinger verfasserin aut Fernando Rivadeneira verfasserin aut Gonçalo R Abecasis verfasserin aut Georgina A Ankra-Badu verfasserin aut Sebastian E Baumeister verfasserin aut Daniel J Benjamin verfasserin aut Reiner Biffar verfasserin aut Stefan Blankenberg verfasserin aut Dorret I Boomsma verfasserin aut David Cesarini verfasserin aut Francesco Cucca verfasserin aut Eco J C de Geus verfasserin aut George Dedoussis verfasserin aut Panos Deloukas verfasserin aut Maria Dimitriou verfasserin aut Guðny Eiriksdottir verfasserin aut Johan Eriksson verfasserin aut Christian Gieger verfasserin aut Vilmundur Gudnason verfasserin aut Birgit Höhne verfasserin aut Rolf Holle verfasserin aut Jouke-Jan Hottenga verfasserin aut Aaron Isaacs verfasserin aut Marjo-Riitta Järvelin verfasserin aut Magnus Johannesson verfasserin aut Marika Kaakinen verfasserin aut Mika Kähönen verfasserin aut Stavroula Kanoni verfasserin aut Maarit A Laaksonen verfasserin aut Jari Lahti verfasserin aut Lenore J Launer verfasserin aut Terho Lehtimäki verfasserin aut Marisa Loitfelder verfasserin aut Patrik K E Magnusson verfasserin aut Silvia Naitza verfasserin aut Ben A Oostra verfasserin aut Markus Perola verfasserin aut Katja Petrovic verfasserin aut Lydia Quaye verfasserin aut Olli Raitakari verfasserin aut Samuli Ripatti verfasserin aut Paul Scheet verfasserin aut David Schlessinger verfasserin aut Carsten O Schmidt verfasserin aut Helena Schmidt verfasserin aut Reinhold Schmidt verfasserin aut Andrea Senft verfasserin aut Albert V Smith verfasserin aut Timothy D Spector verfasserin aut Ida Surakka verfasserin aut Rauli Svento verfasserin aut Antonio Terracciano verfasserin aut Emmi Tikkanen verfasserin aut Cornelia M van Duijn verfasserin aut Jorma Viikari verfasserin aut Henry Völzke verfasserin aut H-Erich Wichmann verfasserin aut Philipp S Wild verfasserin aut Sara M Willems verfasserin aut Gonneke Willemsen verfasserin aut Frank J A van Rooij verfasserin aut Patrick J F Groenen verfasserin aut André G Uitterlinden verfasserin aut Albert Hofman verfasserin aut A Roy Thurik verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 8(2013), 4, p e60542 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:8 year:2013 number:4, p e60542 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b kostenfrei https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBI kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2013 4, p e60542 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 doi (DE-627)DOAJ060710322 (DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthijs J H M van der Loos verfasserin aut The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. 2013 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. Medicine R Science Q Cornelius A Rietveld verfasserin aut Niina Eklund verfasserin aut Philipp D Koellinger verfasserin aut Fernando Rivadeneira verfasserin aut Gonçalo R Abecasis verfasserin aut Georgina A Ankra-Badu verfasserin aut Sebastian E Baumeister verfasserin aut Daniel J Benjamin verfasserin aut Reiner Biffar verfasserin aut Stefan Blankenberg verfasserin aut Dorret I Boomsma verfasserin aut David Cesarini verfasserin aut Francesco Cucca verfasserin aut Eco J C de Geus verfasserin aut George Dedoussis verfasserin aut Panos Deloukas verfasserin aut Maria Dimitriou verfasserin aut Guðny Eiriksdottir verfasserin aut Johan Eriksson verfasserin aut Christian Gieger verfasserin aut Vilmundur Gudnason verfasserin aut Birgit Höhne verfasserin aut Rolf Holle verfasserin aut Jouke-Jan Hottenga verfasserin aut Aaron Isaacs verfasserin aut Marjo-Riitta Järvelin verfasserin aut Magnus Johannesson verfasserin aut Marika Kaakinen verfasserin aut Mika Kähönen verfasserin aut Stavroula Kanoni verfasserin aut Maarit A Laaksonen verfasserin aut Jari Lahti verfasserin aut Lenore J Launer verfasserin aut Terho Lehtimäki verfasserin aut Marisa Loitfelder verfasserin aut Patrik K E Magnusson verfasserin aut Silvia Naitza verfasserin aut Ben A Oostra verfasserin aut Markus Perola verfasserin aut Katja Petrovic verfasserin aut Lydia Quaye verfasserin aut Olli Raitakari verfasserin aut Samuli Ripatti verfasserin aut Paul Scheet verfasserin aut David Schlessinger verfasserin aut Carsten O Schmidt verfasserin aut Helena Schmidt verfasserin aut Reinhold Schmidt verfasserin aut Andrea Senft verfasserin aut Albert V Smith verfasserin aut Timothy D Spector verfasserin aut Ida Surakka verfasserin aut Rauli Svento verfasserin aut Antonio Terracciano verfasserin aut Emmi Tikkanen verfasserin aut Cornelia M van Duijn verfasserin aut Jorma Viikari verfasserin aut Henry Völzke verfasserin aut H-Erich Wichmann verfasserin aut Philipp S Wild verfasserin aut Sara M Willems verfasserin aut Gonneke Willemsen verfasserin aut Frank J A van Rooij verfasserin aut Patrick J F Groenen verfasserin aut André G Uitterlinden verfasserin aut Albert Hofman verfasserin aut A Roy Thurik verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 8(2013), 4, p e60542 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:8 year:2013 number:4, p e60542 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060542 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b kostenfrei https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBI kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2013 4, p e60542 |
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PLoS ONE |
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Matthijs J H M van der Loos @@aut@@ Cornelius A Rietveld @@aut@@ Niina Eklund @@aut@@ Philipp D Koellinger @@aut@@ Fernando Rivadeneira @@aut@@ Gonçalo R Abecasis @@aut@@ Georgina A Ankra-Badu @@aut@@ Sebastian E Baumeister @@aut@@ Daniel J Benjamin @@aut@@ Reiner Biffar @@aut@@ Stefan Blankenberg @@aut@@ Dorret I Boomsma @@aut@@ David Cesarini @@aut@@ Francesco Cucca @@aut@@ Eco J C de Geus @@aut@@ George Dedoussis @@aut@@ Panos Deloukas @@aut@@ Maria Dimitriou @@aut@@ Guðny Eiriksdottir @@aut@@ Johan Eriksson @@aut@@ Christian Gieger @@aut@@ Vilmundur Gudnason @@aut@@ Birgit Höhne @@aut@@ Rolf Holle @@aut@@ Jouke-Jan Hottenga @@aut@@ Aaron Isaacs @@aut@@ Marjo-Riitta Järvelin @@aut@@ Magnus Johannesson @@aut@@ Marika Kaakinen @@aut@@ Mika Kähönen @@aut@@ Stavroula Kanoni @@aut@@ Maarit A Laaksonen @@aut@@ Jari Lahti @@aut@@ Lenore J Launer @@aut@@ Terho Lehtimäki @@aut@@ Marisa Loitfelder @@aut@@ Patrik K E Magnusson @@aut@@ Silvia Naitza @@aut@@ Ben A Oostra @@aut@@ Markus Perola @@aut@@ Katja Petrovic @@aut@@ Lydia Quaye @@aut@@ Olli Raitakari @@aut@@ Samuli Ripatti @@aut@@ Paul Scheet @@aut@@ David Schlessinger @@aut@@ Carsten O Schmidt @@aut@@ Helena Schmidt @@aut@@ Reinhold Schmidt @@aut@@ Andrea Senft @@aut@@ Albert V Smith @@aut@@ Timothy D Spector @@aut@@ Ida Surakka @@aut@@ Rauli Svento @@aut@@ Antonio Terracciano @@aut@@ Emmi Tikkanen @@aut@@ Cornelia M van Duijn @@aut@@ Jorma Viikari @@aut@@ Henry Völzke @@aut@@ H-Erich Wichmann @@aut@@ Philipp S Wild @@aut@@ Sara M Willems @@aut@@ Gonneke Willemsen @@aut@@ Frank J A van Rooij @@aut@@ Patrick J F Groenen @@aut@@ André G Uitterlinden @@aut@@ Albert Hofman @@aut@@ A Roy Thurik @@aut@@ |
| publishDateDaySort_date |
2013-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| hierarchy_top_id |
523574592 |
| id |
DOAJ060710322 |
| language_de |
englisch |
| fullrecord |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">DOAJ060710322</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230309003905.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230228s2013 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1371/journal.pone.0060542</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)DOAJ060710322</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DOAJdd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Matthijs J H M van der Loos</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Medicine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">R</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Science</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Q</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cornelius A Rietveld</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Niina Eklund</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield 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The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
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Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. |
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Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. |
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Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. |
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