Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives
High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, h...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Vijay Kumar [verfasserIn] Vinay Kumar Singh [verfasserIn] Abhinav Srivastava [verfasserIn] P. Hemanth Kumar [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
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2015 |
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In: Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies - Taylor & Francis Group, 2015, 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:3 ; year:2015 ; number:1 ; pages:92-102 |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ061430323 |
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520 | |a High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. | ||
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10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061430323 (DE-599)DOAJcddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP785-869 Vijay Kumar verfasserin aut Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. Mechanical properties Calcium aluminate Synthesis Refractories Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass Vinay Kumar Singh verfasserin aut Abhinav Srivastava verfasserin aut P. Hemanth Kumar verfasserin aut In Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 (DE-627)77685545X (DE-600)2751145-5 21870764 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 pages:92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414001158 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2187-0764 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 92-102 |
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10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061430323 (DE-599)DOAJcddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP785-869 Vijay Kumar verfasserin aut Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. Mechanical properties Calcium aluminate Synthesis Refractories Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass Vinay Kumar Singh verfasserin aut Abhinav Srivastava verfasserin aut P. Hemanth Kumar verfasserin aut In Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 (DE-627)77685545X (DE-600)2751145-5 21870764 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 pages:92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414001158 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2187-0764 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 92-102 |
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10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061430323 (DE-599)DOAJcddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP785-869 Vijay Kumar verfasserin aut Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. Mechanical properties Calcium aluminate Synthesis Refractories Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass Vinay Kumar Singh verfasserin aut Abhinav Srivastava verfasserin aut P. Hemanth Kumar verfasserin aut In Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 (DE-627)77685545X (DE-600)2751145-5 21870764 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 pages:92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414001158 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2187-0764 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 92-102 |
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10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061430323 (DE-599)DOAJcddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP785-869 Vijay Kumar verfasserin aut Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. Mechanical properties Calcium aluminate Synthesis Refractories Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass Vinay Kumar Singh verfasserin aut Abhinav Srivastava verfasserin aut P. Hemanth Kumar verfasserin aut In Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 (DE-627)77685545X (DE-600)2751145-5 21870764 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 pages:92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414001158 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2187-0764 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 92-102 |
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10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061430323 (DE-599)DOAJcddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP785-869 Vijay Kumar verfasserin aut Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. Mechanical properties Calcium aluminate Synthesis Refractories Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass Vinay Kumar Singh verfasserin aut Abhinav Srivastava verfasserin aut P. Hemanth Kumar verfasserin aut In Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies Taylor & Francis Group, 2015 3(2015), 1, Seite 92-102 (DE-627)77685545X (DE-600)2751145-5 21870764 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 pages:92-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2014.11.004 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/cddc7ecd87544035b6d85235443a3e94 kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2187076414001158 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2187-0764 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 92-102 |
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Mechanochemically synthesized high alumina cement and their implementation as low cement castables with some micro-fine additives |
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High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. |
abstractGer |
High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. |
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High-energy ball milling viz. mechanochemical process is being utilized to mechanically activate ceramic powders for low temperature solid state reactions. The process can help to select low-cost commercially available oxides and can produce powders with nanometer size granules. On the other hand, high alumina cement provides high service temperature when used as refractory castable. Therefore, the effects of high-energy ball milling and subsequent calcinations on the formation of high alumina cementing phases using mixtures of Al2O3 and CaCO3 were investigated. Nano-meter sized high alumina cement (HAC) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical treatment of Al2O3 and CaCO3 in weight ratios 7:3 and 8:2. This paper compares the calcined high alumina cement obtained by mechanically activated precursor mix for 1, 2 and 3 h. Low cement castables were prepared from calcined Chinese bauxite as aggregate matrix, prepared HAC acting as hydraulic binder and micro-fine additives as pore filling agents. The bonding of high alumina cement as well as sinterability in these castable was studied with ZrO2, α-Al2O3 and SiC as micro-fine additives. Castables formulated by prepared high alumina cement demonstrate remarkably improved bulk density and apparent porosity as when compared with those prepared by commercially available cement. Casting water demand was also reduced, as a result quick setting behavior was observed. The addition of mechanochemically processed cements in refractory castables improved the thermo-mechanical properties to a significant extent. |
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