Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis.
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains w...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Matthew N Van Ert [verfasserIn] W Ryan Easterday [verfasserIn] Lynn Y Huynh [verfasserIn] Richard T Okinaka [verfasserIn] Martin E Hugh-Jones [verfasserIn] Jacques Ravel [verfasserIn] Shaylan R Zanecki [verfasserIn] Talima Pearson [verfasserIn] Tatum S Simonson [verfasserIn] Jana M U'Ren [verfasserIn] Sergey M Kachur [verfasserIn] Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty [verfasserIn] Shane D Rhoton [verfasserIn] Guenevier Zinser [verfasserIn] Jason Farlow [verfasserIn] Pamala R Coker [verfasserIn] Kimothy L Smith [verfasserIn] Bingxiang Wang [verfasserIn] Leo J Kenefic [verfasserIn] Claire M Fraser-Liggett [verfasserIn] David M Wagner [verfasserIn] Paul Keim [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2007 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: PLoS ONE - Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007, 2(2007), 5, p e461 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:2 ; year:2007 ; number:5, p e461 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ061800627 |
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520 | |a Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. | ||
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10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061800627 (DE-599)DOAJ80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthew N Van Ert verfasserin aut Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. Medicine R Science Q W Ryan Easterday verfasserin aut Lynn Y Huynh verfasserin aut Richard T Okinaka verfasserin aut Martin E Hugh-Jones verfasserin aut Jacques Ravel verfasserin aut Shaylan R Zanecki verfasserin aut Talima Pearson verfasserin aut Tatum S Simonson verfasserin aut Jana M U'Ren verfasserin aut Sergey M Kachur verfasserin aut Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty verfasserin aut Shane D Rhoton verfasserin aut Guenevier Zinser verfasserin aut Jason Farlow verfasserin aut Pamala R Coker verfasserin aut Kimothy L Smith verfasserin aut Bingxiang Wang verfasserin aut Leo J Kenefic verfasserin aut Claire M Fraser-Liggett verfasserin aut David M Wagner verfasserin aut Paul Keim verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 2(2007), 5, p e461 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:2 year:2007 number:5, p e461 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2007 5, p e461 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061800627 (DE-599)DOAJ80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthew N Van Ert verfasserin aut Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. Medicine R Science Q W Ryan Easterday verfasserin aut Lynn Y Huynh verfasserin aut Richard T Okinaka verfasserin aut Martin E Hugh-Jones verfasserin aut Jacques Ravel verfasserin aut Shaylan R Zanecki verfasserin aut Talima Pearson verfasserin aut Tatum S Simonson verfasserin aut Jana M U'Ren verfasserin aut Sergey M Kachur verfasserin aut Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty verfasserin aut Shane D Rhoton verfasserin aut Guenevier Zinser verfasserin aut Jason Farlow verfasserin aut Pamala R Coker verfasserin aut Kimothy L Smith verfasserin aut Bingxiang Wang verfasserin aut Leo J Kenefic verfasserin aut Claire M Fraser-Liggett verfasserin aut David M Wagner verfasserin aut Paul Keim verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 2(2007), 5, p e461 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:2 year:2007 number:5, p e461 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2007 5, p e461 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061800627 (DE-599)DOAJ80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthew N Van Ert verfasserin aut Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. Medicine R Science Q W Ryan Easterday verfasserin aut Lynn Y Huynh verfasserin aut Richard T Okinaka verfasserin aut Martin E Hugh-Jones verfasserin aut Jacques Ravel verfasserin aut Shaylan R Zanecki verfasserin aut Talima Pearson verfasserin aut Tatum S Simonson verfasserin aut Jana M U'Ren verfasserin aut Sergey M Kachur verfasserin aut Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty verfasserin aut Shane D Rhoton verfasserin aut Guenevier Zinser verfasserin aut Jason Farlow verfasserin aut Pamala R Coker verfasserin aut Kimothy L Smith verfasserin aut Bingxiang Wang verfasserin aut Leo J Kenefic verfasserin aut Claire M Fraser-Liggett verfasserin aut David M Wagner verfasserin aut Paul Keim verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 2(2007), 5, p e461 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:2 year:2007 number:5, p e461 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2007 5, p e461 |
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10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 doi (DE-627)DOAJ061800627 (DE-599)DOAJ80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matthew N Van Ert verfasserin aut Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. Medicine R Science Q W Ryan Easterday verfasserin aut Lynn Y Huynh verfasserin aut Richard T Okinaka verfasserin aut Martin E Hugh-Jones verfasserin aut Jacques Ravel verfasserin aut Shaylan R Zanecki verfasserin aut Talima Pearson verfasserin aut Tatum S Simonson verfasserin aut Jana M U'Ren verfasserin aut Sergey M Kachur verfasserin aut Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty verfasserin aut Shane D Rhoton verfasserin aut Guenevier Zinser verfasserin aut Jason Farlow verfasserin aut Pamala R Coker verfasserin aut Kimothy L Smith verfasserin aut Bingxiang Wang verfasserin aut Leo J Kenefic verfasserin aut Claire M Fraser-Liggett verfasserin aut David M Wagner verfasserin aut Paul Keim verfasserin aut In PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2007 2(2007), 5, p e461 (DE-627)523574592 (DE-600)2267670-3 19326203 nnns volume:2 year:2007 number:5, p e461 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/80ad9ed2100444a29f3cc422d19d2c63 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_235 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2007 5, p e461 |
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Matthew N Van Ert @@aut@@ W Ryan Easterday @@aut@@ Lynn Y Huynh @@aut@@ Richard T Okinaka @@aut@@ Martin E Hugh-Jones @@aut@@ Jacques Ravel @@aut@@ Shaylan R Zanecki @@aut@@ Talima Pearson @@aut@@ Tatum S Simonson @@aut@@ Jana M U'Ren @@aut@@ Sergey M Kachur @@aut@@ Rebecca R Leadem-Dougherty @@aut@@ Shane D Rhoton @@aut@@ Guenevier Zinser @@aut@@ Jason Farlow @@aut@@ Pamala R Coker @@aut@@ Kimothy L Smith @@aut@@ Bingxiang Wang @@aut@@ Leo J Kenefic @@aut@@ Claire M Fraser-Liggett @@aut@@ David M Wagner @@aut@@ Paul Keim @@aut@@ |
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Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. |
abstractGer |
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and its true global population structure has remained largely cryptic. Seven diverse B. anthracis strains were whole-genome sequenced to identify rare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by phylogenetic reconstruction of these characters onto an evolutionary model. This analysis identified SNPs that define the major clonal lineages within the species. These SNPs, in concert with 15 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, were used to subtype a collection of 1,033 B. anthracis isolates from 42 countries to create an extensive genotype data set. These analyses subdivided the isolates into three previously recognized major lineages (A, B, and C), with further subdivision into 12 clonal sub-lineages or sub-groups and, finally, 221 unique MLVA15 genotypes. This rare genomic variation was used to document the evolutionary progression of B. anthracis and to establish global patterns of diversity. Isolates in the A lineage are widely dispersed globally, whereas the B and C lineages occur on more restricted spatial scales. Molecular clock models based upon genome-wide synonymous substitutions indicate there was a massive radiation of the A lineage that occurred in the mid-Holocene (3,064-6,127 ybp). On more recent temporal scales, the global population structure of B. anthracis reflects colonial-era importation of specific genotypes from the Old World into the New World, as well as the repeated industrial importation of diverse genotypes into developed countries via spore-contaminated animal products. These findings indicate humans have played an important role in the evolution of anthrax by increasing the proliferation and dispersal of this now global disease. Finally, the value of global genotypic analysis for investigating bioterrorist-mediated outbreaks of anthrax is demonstrated. |
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Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. |
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