Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws

Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Stavros Oikonomidis [verfasserIn] Frank Beyer [verfasserIn] Carolin Meyer [verfasserIn] Christoph Tobias Baltin [verfasserIn] Peer Eysel [verfasserIn] Jan Bredow [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Schlagwörter:	cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Asian Spine Journal - Korean Spine Society, 2018, 14(2020), 1, Seite 66-71
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2020 ; number:1 ; pages:66-71

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.31616/asj.2019.0053

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ064732754

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520			\|a Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence.
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allfields	10.31616/asj.2019.0053 doi (DE-627)DOAJ064732754 (DE-599)DOAJec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stavros Oikonomidis verfasserin aut Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence. cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle Medicine R Frank Beyer verfasserin aut Carolin Meyer verfasserin aut Christoph Tobias Baltin verfasserin aut Peer Eysel verfasserin aut Jan Bredow verfasserin aut In Asian Spine Journal Korean Spine Society, 2018 14(2020), 1, Seite 66-71 (DE-627)60349207X (DE-600)2502303-2 19767846 nnns volume:14 year:2020 number:1 pages:66-71 https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0053 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c kostenfrei http://asianspinejournal.org/upload/pdf/asj-2019-0053.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-1902 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-7846 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2020 1 66-71
spelling	10.31616/asj.2019.0053 doi (DE-627)DOAJ064732754 (DE-599)DOAJec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stavros Oikonomidis verfasserin aut Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence. cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle Medicine R Frank Beyer verfasserin aut Carolin Meyer verfasserin aut Christoph Tobias Baltin verfasserin aut Peer Eysel verfasserin aut Jan Bredow verfasserin aut In Asian Spine Journal Korean Spine Society, 2018 14(2020), 1, Seite 66-71 (DE-627)60349207X (DE-600)2502303-2 19767846 nnns volume:14 year:2020 number:1 pages:66-71 https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0053 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c kostenfrei http://asianspinejournal.org/upload/pdf/asj-2019-0053.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-1902 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-7846 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2020 1 66-71
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allfieldsGer	10.31616/asj.2019.0053 doi (DE-627)DOAJ064732754 (DE-599)DOAJec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stavros Oikonomidis verfasserin aut Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence. cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle Medicine R Frank Beyer verfasserin aut Carolin Meyer verfasserin aut Christoph Tobias Baltin verfasserin aut Peer Eysel verfasserin aut Jan Bredow verfasserin aut In Asian Spine Journal Korean Spine Society, 2018 14(2020), 1, Seite 66-71 (DE-627)60349207X (DE-600)2502303-2 19767846 nnns volume:14 year:2020 number:1 pages:66-71 https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0053 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c kostenfrei http://asianspinejournal.org/upload/pdf/asj-2019-0053.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-1902 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-7846 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2020 1 66-71
allfieldsSound	10.31616/asj.2019.0053 doi (DE-627)DOAJ064732754 (DE-599)DOAJec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stavros Oikonomidis verfasserin aut Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence. cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle Medicine R Frank Beyer verfasserin aut Carolin Meyer verfasserin aut Christoph Tobias Baltin verfasserin aut Peer Eysel verfasserin aut Jan Bredow verfasserin aut In Asian Spine Journal Korean Spine Society, 2018 14(2020), 1, Seite 66-71 (DE-627)60349207X (DE-600)2502303-2 19767846 nnns volume:14 year:2020 number:1 pages:66-71 https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0053 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c kostenfrei http://asianspinejournal.org/upload/pdf/asj-2019-0053.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-1902 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1976-7846 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2020 1 66-71
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Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. 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author	Stavros Oikonomidis
spellingShingle	Stavros Oikonomidis misc cervical spine misc pedicle transverse angle misc navigation misc pedicle screws misc insertion angle misc Medicine misc R Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws
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topic_title	Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws cervical spine pedicle transverse angle navigation pedicle screws insertion angle
topic	misc cervical spine misc pedicle transverse angle misc navigation misc pedicle screws misc insertion angle misc Medicine misc R
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title	Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws
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title_sort	insertion angle of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine: the analysis of computed tomography-navigated insertion of pedicle screws
title_auth	Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws
abstract	Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence.
abstractGer	Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence.
abstract_unstemmed	Study Design Four orthopedic spine surgeons measured the radiological parameters of pedicle screws in the cervical spine using a postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. Purpose This study analyzed the insertion angle of CT-navigated insertion of pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine and classified them according to their position. Overview of Literature Overall, a pedicle transverse angle of 33.6°–50.2° with a mean angle of 45° relative to the midline has been reported in the literature. Methods The insertion angles of 87 pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation in the subaxial cervical spine were measured in the postoperative CT. The screw positioning was determined according to the modified Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Results Total 89.3% (n=78) of the pedicle screws inserted using CT-based navigation showed good placement. The mean insertion angle of the pedicle screws that showed good positioning was 29.9°±9.9°. The pedicle screws showing bad positioning had a mean insertion angle of 26.8°±10.5° (p=0.157). The interobserver reliability showed a reliable measurement intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.994 (95% confidence interval, 0.992–0.996). Conclusions The present results show that the insertion angle of the pedicle screws in the subaxial cervical spine was smaller than the actual pedicle transverse angle, as per the literature. One reason for this discrepancy could be that the navigation systems allow the insertion of cervical pedicle screws with a lower convergence.
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title_short	Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws
url	https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0053 https://doaj.org/article/ec14c2380ed1461aa61672dbd69e128c http://asianspinejournal.org/upload/pdf/asj-2019-0053.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/1976-1902 https://doaj.org/toc/1976-7846
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Insertion Angle of Pedicle Screws in the Subaxial Cervical Spine: The Analysis of Computed Tomography-Navigated Insertion of Pedicle Screws

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