Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers

ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Sophie Nguyen [verfasserIn] Kristi Baker [verfasserIn] Benjamin S. Padman [verfasserIn] Ruzeen Patwa [verfasserIn] Rhys A. Dunstan [verfasserIn] Thomas A. Weston [verfasserIn] Kyle Schlosser [verfasserIn] Barbara Bailey [verfasserIn] Trevor Lithgow [verfasserIn] Michael Lazarou [verfasserIn] Antoni Luque [verfasserIn] Forest Rohwer [verfasserIn] Richard S. Blumberg [verfasserIn] Jeremy J. Barr [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2017

Schlagwörter:	bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: mBio - American Society for Microbiology, 2010, 8(2017), 6
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:8 ; year:2017 ; number:6

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1128/mBio.01874-17

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ066740762

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allfields	10.1128/mBio.01874-17 doi (DE-627)DOAJ066740762 (DE-599)DOAJ65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sophie Nguyen verfasserin aut Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology Kristi Baker verfasserin aut Benjamin S. Padman verfasserin aut Ruzeen Patwa verfasserin aut Rhys A. Dunstan verfasserin aut Thomas A. Weston verfasserin aut Kyle Schlosser verfasserin aut Barbara Bailey verfasserin aut Trevor Lithgow verfasserin aut Michael Lazarou verfasserin aut Antoni Luque verfasserin aut Forest Rohwer verfasserin aut Richard S. Blumberg verfasserin aut Jeremy J. Barr verfasserin aut In mBio American Society for Microbiology, 2010 8(2017), 6 (DE-627)627613543 (DE-600)2557172-2 21507511 nnns volume:8 year:2017 number:6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc kostenfrei https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 6
spelling	10.1128/mBio.01874-17 doi (DE-627)DOAJ066740762 (DE-599)DOAJ65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sophie Nguyen verfasserin aut Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology Kristi Baker verfasserin aut Benjamin S. Padman verfasserin aut Ruzeen Patwa verfasserin aut Rhys A. Dunstan verfasserin aut Thomas A. Weston verfasserin aut Kyle Schlosser verfasserin aut Barbara Bailey verfasserin aut Trevor Lithgow verfasserin aut Michael Lazarou verfasserin aut Antoni Luque verfasserin aut Forest Rohwer verfasserin aut Richard S. Blumberg verfasserin aut Jeremy J. Barr verfasserin aut In mBio American Society for Microbiology, 2010 8(2017), 6 (DE-627)627613543 (DE-600)2557172-2 21507511 nnns volume:8 year:2017 number:6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc kostenfrei https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 6
allfields_unstemmed	10.1128/mBio.01874-17 doi (DE-627)DOAJ066740762 (DE-599)DOAJ65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sophie Nguyen verfasserin aut Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology Kristi Baker verfasserin aut Benjamin S. Padman verfasserin aut Ruzeen Patwa verfasserin aut Rhys A. Dunstan verfasserin aut Thomas A. Weston verfasserin aut Kyle Schlosser verfasserin aut Barbara Bailey verfasserin aut Trevor Lithgow verfasserin aut Michael Lazarou verfasserin aut Antoni Luque verfasserin aut Forest Rohwer verfasserin aut Richard S. Blumberg verfasserin aut Jeremy J. Barr verfasserin aut In mBio American Society for Microbiology, 2010 8(2017), 6 (DE-627)627613543 (DE-600)2557172-2 21507511 nnns volume:8 year:2017 number:6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc kostenfrei https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 6
allfieldsGer	10.1128/mBio.01874-17 doi (DE-627)DOAJ066740762 (DE-599)DOAJ65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sophie Nguyen verfasserin aut Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology Kristi Baker verfasserin aut Benjamin S. Padman verfasserin aut Ruzeen Patwa verfasserin aut Rhys A. Dunstan verfasserin aut Thomas A. Weston verfasserin aut Kyle Schlosser verfasserin aut Barbara Bailey verfasserin aut Trevor Lithgow verfasserin aut Michael Lazarou verfasserin aut Antoni Luque verfasserin aut Forest Rohwer verfasserin aut Richard S. Blumberg verfasserin aut Jeremy J. Barr verfasserin aut In mBio American Society for Microbiology, 2010 8(2017), 6 (DE-627)627613543 (DE-600)2557172-2 21507511 nnns volume:8 year:2017 number:6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc kostenfrei https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 6
allfieldsSound	10.1128/mBio.01874-17 doi (DE-627)DOAJ066740762 (DE-599)DOAJ65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QR1-502 Sophie Nguyen verfasserin aut Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity. bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology Kristi Baker verfasserin aut Benjamin S. Padman verfasserin aut Ruzeen Patwa verfasserin aut Rhys A. Dunstan verfasserin aut Thomas A. Weston verfasserin aut Kyle Schlosser verfasserin aut Barbara Bailey verfasserin aut Trevor Lithgow verfasserin aut Michael Lazarou verfasserin aut Antoni Luque verfasserin aut Forest Rohwer verfasserin aut Richard S. Blumberg verfasserin aut Jeremy J. Barr verfasserin aut In mBio American Society for Microbiology, 2010 8(2017), 6 (DE-627)627613543 (DE-600)2557172-2 21507511 nnns volume:8 year:2017 number:6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/65339f7f744a4fe48aedd452b60951cc kostenfrei https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01874-17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2017 6
language	English
source	In mBio 8(2017), 6 volume:8 year:2017 number:6
sourceStr	In mBio 8(2017), 6 volume:8 year:2017 number:6
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis Microbiology
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	mBio
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Sophie Nguyen @@aut@@ Kristi Baker @@aut@@ Benjamin S. Padman @@aut@@ Ruzeen Patwa @@aut@@ Rhys A. Dunstan @@aut@@ Thomas A. Weston @@aut@@ Kyle Schlosser @@aut@@ Barbara Bailey @@aut@@ Trevor Lithgow @@aut@@ Michael Lazarou @@aut@@ Antoni Luque @@aut@@ Forest Rohwer @@aut@@ Richard S. Blumberg @@aut@@ Jeremy J. Barr @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	627613543
id	DOAJ066740762
language_de	englisch
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Sophie Nguyen
spellingShingle	Sophie Nguyen misc QR1-502 misc bacteriophages misc endocytosis misc phage-eukaryotic interaction misc symbiosis misc transcytosis misc Microbiology Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers
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topic_title	QR1-502 Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers bacteriophages endocytosis phage-eukaryotic interaction symbiosis transcytosis
topic	misc QR1-502 misc bacteriophages misc endocytosis misc phage-eukaryotic interaction misc symbiosis misc transcytosis misc Microbiology
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title	Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers
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title_full	Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers
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author_browse	Sophie Nguyen Kristi Baker Benjamin S. Padman Ruzeen Patwa Rhys A. Dunstan Thomas A. Weston Kyle Schlosser Barbara Bailey Trevor Lithgow Michael Lazarou Antoni Luque Forest Rohwer Richard S. Blumberg Jeremy J. Barr
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title_sort	bacteriophage transcytosis provides a mechanism to cross epithelial cell layers
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title_auth	Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers
abstract	ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity.
abstractGer	ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity.
abstract_unstemmed	ABSTRACT Bacterial viruses are among the most numerous biological entities within the human body. These viruses are found within regions of the body that have conventionally been considered sterile, including the blood, lymph, and organs. However, the primary mechanism that bacterial viruses use to bypass epithelial cell layers and access the body remains unknown. Here, we used in vitro studies to demonstrate the rapid and directional transcytosis of diverse bacteriophages across confluent cell layers originating from the gut, lung, liver, kidney, and brain. Bacteriophage transcytosis across cell layers had a significant preferential directionality for apical-to-basolateral transport, with approximately 0.1% of total bacteriophages applied being transcytosed over a 2-h period. Bacteriophages were capable of crossing the epithelial cell layer within 10 min with transport not significantly affected by the presence of bacterial endotoxins. Microscopy and cellular assays revealed that bacteriophages accessed both the vesicular and cytosolic compartments of the eukaryotic cell, with phage transcytosis suggested to traffic through the Golgi apparatus via the endomembrane system. Extrapolating from these results, we estimated that 31 billion bacteriophage particles are transcytosed across the epithelial cell layers of the gut into the average human body each day. The transcytosis of bacteriophages is a natural and ubiquitous process that provides a mechanistic explanation for the occurrence of phages within the body. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They cannot infect eukaryotic cells but can penetrate epithelial cell layers and spread throughout sterile regions of our bodies, including the blood, lymph, organs, and even the brain. Yet how phages cross these eukaryotic cell layers and gain access to the body remains unknown. In this work, epithelial cells were observed to take up and transport phages across the cell, releasing active phages on the opposite cell surface. Based on these results, we posit that the human body is continually absorbing phages from the gut and transporting them throughout the cell structure and subsequently the body. These results reveal that phages interact directly with the cells and organs of our bodies, likely contributing to human health and immunity.
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title_short	Bacteriophage Transcytosis Provides a Mechanism To Cross Epithelial Cell Layers
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