Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety

Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify comp...
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Autor*in:	Xiaogang Wang [verfasserIn] Raphael Dubois [verfasserIn] Caitlyn Young [verfasserIn] Eric J. Lien [verfasserIn] James D. Adams [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2016

Schlagwörter:	Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Medicines - MDPI AG, 2015, 3(2016), 3, p 17
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:3 ; year:2016 ; number:3, p 17

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/medicines3030017

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ067725627

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allfields	10.3390/medicines3030017 doi (DE-627)DOAJ067725627 (DE-599)DOAJf7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xiaogang Wang verfasserin aut Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe. Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety Medicine R Raphael Dubois verfasserin aut Caitlyn Young verfasserin aut Eric J. Lien verfasserin aut James D. Adams verfasserin aut In Medicines MDPI AG, 2015 3(2016), 3, p 17 (DE-627)791048667 (DE-600)2777965-8 23056320 nnns volume:3 year:2016 number:3, p 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030017 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/3/3/17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6320 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2016 3, p 17
spelling	10.3390/medicines3030017 doi (DE-627)DOAJ067725627 (DE-599)DOAJf7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xiaogang Wang verfasserin aut Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe. Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety Medicine R Raphael Dubois verfasserin aut Caitlyn Young verfasserin aut Eric J. Lien verfasserin aut James D. Adams verfasserin aut In Medicines MDPI AG, 2015 3(2016), 3, p 17 (DE-627)791048667 (DE-600)2777965-8 23056320 nnns volume:3 year:2016 number:3, p 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030017 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/3/3/17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6320 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2016 3, p 17
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/medicines3030017 doi (DE-627)DOAJ067725627 (DE-599)DOAJf7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xiaogang Wang verfasserin aut Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe. Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety Medicine R Raphael Dubois verfasserin aut Caitlyn Young verfasserin aut Eric J. Lien verfasserin aut James D. Adams verfasserin aut In Medicines MDPI AG, 2015 3(2016), 3, p 17 (DE-627)791048667 (DE-600)2777965-8 23056320 nnns volume:3 year:2016 number:3, p 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030017 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/3/3/17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6320 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2016 3, p 17
allfieldsGer	10.3390/medicines3030017 doi (DE-627)DOAJ067725627 (DE-599)DOAJf7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xiaogang Wang verfasserin aut Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe. Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety Medicine R Raphael Dubois verfasserin aut Caitlyn Young verfasserin aut Eric J. Lien verfasserin aut James D. Adams verfasserin aut In Medicines MDPI AG, 2015 3(2016), 3, p 17 (DE-627)791048667 (DE-600)2777965-8 23056320 nnns volume:3 year:2016 number:3, p 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030017 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/3/3/17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6320 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2016 3, p 17
allfieldsSound	10.3390/medicines3030017 doi (DE-627)DOAJ067725627 (DE-599)DOAJf7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xiaogang Wang verfasserin aut Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe. Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety Medicine R Raphael Dubois verfasserin aut Caitlyn Young verfasserin aut Eric J. Lien verfasserin aut James D. Adams verfasserin aut In Medicines MDPI AG, 2015 3(2016), 3, p 17 (DE-627)791048667 (DE-600)2777965-8 23056320 nnns volume:3 year:2016 number:3, p 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030017 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f7b91131abc143c68a91a94a7660249c kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/3/3/17 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6320 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2016 3, p 17
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author	Xiaogang Wang
spellingShingle	Xiaogang Wang misc Heteromeles arbutifolia misc toyon misc California holly misc Alzheimer’s disease misc phytochemistry misc safety misc Medicine misc R Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety
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topic_title	Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety Heteromeles arbutifolia toyon California holly Alzheimer’s disease phytochemistry safety
topic	misc Heteromeles arbutifolia misc toyon misc California holly misc Alzheimer’s disease misc phytochemistry misc safety misc Medicine misc R
topic_unstemmed	misc Heteromeles arbutifolia misc toyon misc California holly misc Alzheimer’s disease misc phytochemistry misc safety misc Medicine misc R
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title	Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety
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title_sort	heteromeles arbutifolia, a traditional treatment for alzheimer’s disease, phytochemistry and safety
title_auth	Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety
abstract	Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe.
abstractGer	Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe.
abstract_unstemmed	Background: This study examined the chemistry and safety of Heteromeles arbutifolia, also called toyon or California holly, which is a traditional California Indian food and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Plant extracts were examined by HPLC/MS, NMR and other techniques to identify compounds. Volunteers were recruited to examine the acute safety of the plant medicine using a standard short-term memory test. Results: The plant was found to contain icariside E4, dihydroxyoleanenoic acid, maslinic acid, betulin, trihydroxyoxo-seco-ursdienoic acid, catechin, vicenin-2, farrerol, kaempferide and tetrahydroxyoleanenoic acid. These compounds are anti-inflammatory agents that may protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent inflammatory cell infiltration into the brain. The dried berries were ingested by six volunteers to demonstrate the safety of the medicine. Conclusion: The plant medicine was found to contain several compounds that may be of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The plant medicine was found to be safe.
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title_short	Heteromeles Arbutifolia, a Traditional Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Phytochemistry and Safety
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