HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have var...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Leyanna Susan George [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Indian Journal of Community Medicine - Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004, 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:44 ; year:2019 ; number:5 ; pages:34-37

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ071891242

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520			\|a Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required.
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allfields	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 doi (DE-627)DOAJ071891242 (DE-599)DOAJ8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Leyanna Susan George verfasserin aut HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required. Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma Public aspects of medicine In Indian Journal of Community Medicine Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37 (DE-627)352261749 (DE-600)2085330-0 19983581 nnns volume:44 year:2019 number:5 pages:34-37 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 kostenfrei http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 44 2019 5 34-37
spelling	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 doi (DE-627)DOAJ071891242 (DE-599)DOAJ8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Leyanna Susan George verfasserin aut HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required. Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma Public aspects of medicine In Indian Journal of Community Medicine Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37 (DE-627)352261749 (DE-600)2085330-0 19983581 nnns volume:44 year:2019 number:5 pages:34-37 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 kostenfrei http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 44 2019 5 34-37
allfields_unstemmed	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 doi (DE-627)DOAJ071891242 (DE-599)DOAJ8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Leyanna Susan George verfasserin aut HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required. Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma Public aspects of medicine In Indian Journal of Community Medicine Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37 (DE-627)352261749 (DE-600)2085330-0 19983581 nnns volume:44 year:2019 number:5 pages:34-37 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 kostenfrei http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 44 2019 5 34-37
allfieldsGer	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 doi (DE-627)DOAJ071891242 (DE-599)DOAJ8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Leyanna Susan George verfasserin aut HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required. Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma Public aspects of medicine In Indian Journal of Community Medicine Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37 (DE-627)352261749 (DE-600)2085330-0 19983581 nnns volume:44 year:2019 number:5 pages:34-37 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 kostenfrei http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 44 2019 5 34-37
allfieldsSound	10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 doi (DE-627)DOAJ071891242 (DE-599)DOAJ8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RA1-1270 Leyanna Susan George verfasserin aut HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required. Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma Public aspects of medicine In Indian Journal of Community Medicine Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2004 44(2019), 5, Seite 34-37 (DE-627)352261749 (DE-600)2085330-0 19983581 nnns volume:44 year:2019 number:5 pages:34-37 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 kostenfrei http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 44 2019 5 34-37
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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Leyanna Susan George
spellingShingle	Leyanna Susan George misc RA1-1270 misc Discrimination misc human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome misc people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome misc stigma misc Public aspects of medicine HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study
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topic_title	RA1-1270 HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study Discrimination human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stigma
topic	misc RA1-1270 misc Discrimination misc human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome misc people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome misc stigma misc Public aspects of medicine
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title	HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study
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title_full	HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study
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title_sort	hiv related stigma and discrimination among people living with hiv/aids in ernakulam district: a qualitative study
callnumber	RA1-1270
title_auth	HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study
abstract	Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required.
abstractGer	Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required.
abstract_unstemmed	Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related stigma refers to the negative beliefs, feelings, and attitudes, while discrimination is the unfair and unjust treatment of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLHA). Their manifestations are context-specific and have varied impacts. Objectives: (1) To determine the different contexts in which PLHA face stigma and discrimination. (2) To study the impact of stigma and discrimination on the health of the PLHA. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted among PLHA at the office of the network for positives. Fourteen key informant interviews were conducted on PLHA and the peer counselors to determine the contexts in which they faced stigma and discrimination. To understand its impact on health, two Focus Group Discussions were carried out separately for male and female PLHA. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and were audio recorded. They were then transcribed, manually coded, thematically analyzed, and triangulated. Results: The themes that arose showed that stigma and discrimination were context-specific and were experienced in different levels such as an individual, family, community, health-care system, and media. They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. Behavior change communication initiatives for the community are required.
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title_short	HIV related stigma and discrimination among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ernakulam District: A qualitative study
url	https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_19 https://doaj.org/article/8ee7247783bc4f648255817f97380645 http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2019;volume=44;issue=5;spage=34;epage=37;aulast=George https://doaj.org/toc/0970-0218 https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3581
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They experienced violence in addition to the loss of shelter and economic support. Stigma and discrimination was found to have a negative impact on the health of the PLHA. It was a major hindrance to health-care utilization resulting in worsening of health conditions and indirectly contributed to the spread of diseases. Conclusion: PLHA experience different forms of stigma and discrimination which have an adverse impact on their health. 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